Fire resistance standards for testing

Fire resistance standards for testing 

This article provides the necessary details on fire resistance test standards related to the ability of a specimen of system construction to prevent the spread of flame or smoke in a fully developed fire, and maintain structural stability of the tested specimen.

Testing the fire resistance of a building element involves determining its behaviour when exposed to a particular heating condition and pressure, normally those representing a fire in an enclosed space, e.g. a room. Fire resistance is one of several properties of a structure or system, and thus is not simply a property of the specific materials used in the structure or system.

The resistance to fire performance test standards most commonly referred to are the British Standards (BS 476: Parts 20 to 24). The European Norms (EN 1363 to 1366) will gradually replace BS 476 and the current equivalents are given below. In the European norms, the building elements and structures are to be tested and classified with regard to their fire separation performance and smoke tightness according to a system that indicates the properties by a letter, e.g. R, E or I, and an index that indicates the time that each specific property is maintained.

 

European standards

EN 13501: Part 2: 2016 - Fire classification of construction products and building elements (Part 2: Classification using data from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services)

This standard aims to harmonise procedures for classification for resistance to fire of construction products and elements based on defined test procedures using data from fire resistance and smoke leakage tests.

EN 1363: Part 1: 2012 - Fire resistance tests (Part 1: General requirements)

This part establishes the general principles for determining the fire resistance of various elements of construction, where aspect and test procedures are common to all specific test methods.

EN 1363: Part 2: 1999 - Fire resistance tests (Part 2: Alternative and additional procedures)

This part identifies a specific heating scenario where standard conditions given in EN 1363: Part 1 are inappropriate due to other additional factors that need to be considered, such as the nature of the products or systems, intention of use and regulatory requirements. Alternative conditions include the hydrocarbon curve, slow heating and external fire exposure curves.

EN 1364: Part 1: 2015 - Fire resistance tests for non-load bearing elements (Part 1: Walls)

The purpose of test is to measure the ability of representative specimens of non-load bearing walls, both with and without glazing for internal and external construction, except for curtain walls and walls with door sets.

EN 1364: Part 2: 2018 - Fire resistance tests for non-load bearing elements (Part 2: Ceilings)

This test is applicable to ceilings which are either suspended by hangers or fixed directly to a supporting frame, and self-supporting ceilings. Test of ceilings are carried out in two modalities, i.e. fire from below the ceiling with no cavity above, and fire from above the ceiling where fire is contained in a closed cavity.

EN 1364: Part 3: 2014 - Fire resistance tests for non-load bearing elements (Part 3: Curtain walling – full configuration, complete assembly)

This method is applicable to curtain walling systems, supported by floor slab(s) designed for the purpose of providing fire resistance determined under internal or external exposure conditions.

EN 1364: Part 4: 2014 - Fire resistance tests for non-load bearing elements (Part 4: Curtain walling – part configuration)

This standard specifies the method for determining the fire resistance of parts of curtain walling incorporating non-fire resistant infill product to internal or external fire exposure. The test method includes assessment regarding falling parts that are liable to cause personal injury. It can also be used to determine any increase in the field of application for fire resistance of parts of curtain walling tested to EN 1364: Part 3.

EN 1365: Part 1: 2012 - Fire resistance tests for load bearing elements (Part 1: Walls)

This test measures the ability of a representative specimen of a load bearing wall to resist spread of fire from one side and maintain its load bearing capacity. The test is applicable to internal and external walls under internal or external exposure conditions.

EN 1365: Part 2: 2014 - Fire resistance tests for load bearing elements (Part 2: Floors and roofs)

This part specifies the method for determining the fire resistance of floor construction without cavities or with unventilated cavities, roof construction with or without cavities (ventilated or unventilated) and floor or roof construction incorporating glazed elements. Fire exposure is from the underside.

EN 1365: Part 3: 1999 - Fire resistance tests for load bearing elements (Part 3: Beams)

This part specifies the method for determining the fire resistance of beams with or without applied fire protection systems, and with or without cavities. The fire resistance of beams is assessed against load bearing capacity criteria.

EN 1365: Part 4: 1999 - Fire resistance tests for load bearing elements (Part 4: Columns)

This part specifies the method for determining the fire resistance of columns when fully exposed to fire on all sides. The fire resistance of the column is assessed against load bearing capacity criteria.

EN 1366: Part 1: 2014 - Fire resistance tests for service installations (Part 1: Ventilation ducts)

This part specifies the method for determining the fire resistance of vertical and horizontal ventilation ducts under standardised fire conditions. The test examines fire resistance for ducts exposed to fire from outside (Duct A) and fire inside the duct (Duct B). The performance of the ducts is assessed against integrity, insulation and smoke leakage criteria.

EN 1366: Part 2: 2015 - Fire resistance tests for service installations (Part 2: Fire dampers)

The purpose of this test is to evaluate the ability of mechanical devices such as fire dampers to prevent fire, smoke and gases spreading at high temperature from one compartment to another through the air ductwork system which may penetrate fire separating walls and floors. Temperature and integrity measurements are carried out on parts of a test construction. The impermeability of a fire damper system is measured by direct flow measurement whilst maintaining a constant pressure differential across the closed fire damper. The tightness of the fire damper in a closed position is measured at ambient temperature.

EN 1366: Part 3: 2009 - Fire resistance tests for service installations (Part 3: Penetration seals)

This part provides a method of testing to assess the contribution of the penetration sealing system to the fire resistance of separating elements when penetrated by service(s). The purpose of the test is to assess the effects of such penetration to the integrity and insulation performance of the separating element concerned, the integrity and insulation of the penetration sealing system, the insulation performance of the penetrating service(s), and the integrity failure of a service.

EN 1366: Part 4: 2006+A1:2010 - Fire resistance tests for service installations (Part 4: Linear joint seals)

The purpose of this test is to assess the effect of a linear joint seal on the integrity and insulation of the construction, as well as the integrity and insulation performance of the linear joint seal. The effect of movement of the supporting construction on the fire performance of the linear joints seals is also assessed.

EN 1366: Part 5: 2010 - Fire resistance tests for service installations (Part 5: Service ducts and shafts)

The purpose of this test is to measure the ability of a representative horizontal service duct or vertical service shaft which passes through a floor or walls and enclosed pipes and cables to resist the spread of fire from one compartment to another. The test examines the behaviour of ducts and shafts with regard to a fire from the outside or inside. The performance of ducts and shafts is assessed against integrity and insulation criteria.

EN 1366: Part 6: 2004 - Fire resistance tests for service installations (Part 6: Raised access and hollow core floors)

This part specifies the method of testing for representative samples of a raised or hollow floor when exposed to a specified regime of heating and loading. Exposure to fire is from within the plenum, beneath the floor. The fire exposure applied may be either the standard or reduced (maintained up to 500°C) time temperature curve. Performance criteria are assessed against insulation, integrity and load bearing capacity.

EN 1366: Part 8: 2004 - Fire resistance tests for service installations (Part 8: Smoke extraction ducts)

This part has been prepared to evaluate fire resistant ducts tested to EN 1366-1 (Duct A and Duct B) and to function adequately as smoke extraction ducts. The smoke extraction ducts pass through another compartment from the fire compartment to be extracted in case of fire, and in a fully developed fire. The test is only suitable for four-sided ducts constructed from non-combustible materials (Euroclass A1 and A2). Leakage is measured at ambient and elevated temperatures. Performance criteria are assessed against smoke leakage, insulation, integrity and mechanical stability.

EN 1366: Part 9: 2008 - Fire resistance tests for service installations (Part 9: Single compartment smoke extraction ducts)

This part specifies a test method for determining the fire resistance of smoke extraction ducts that are used for single compartment applications only. In such applications, the smoke extraction system is only intended to function up to flashover (typically 600°C). This method of testing is only suitable for ducts constructed from non-combustible materials (Euroclass A1 and A2-s1, d0). It is applicable only to four-sided and circular ducts. This test has been designed to cover horizontal smoke extraction ducts intended for single compartment applications only. This test method of part 9 is applicable only to smoke extraction ducts that do not pass through into other fire compartments. It represents fire exposure of a developing fire (pre-flashover). For smoke extraction ducts that pass through into other compartments, the method of testing described in EN 1366-8 should be used.

EN 1634: Part 1: 2014+A1:2018 - Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door and shutter assemblies, openable windows and elements of building hardware (Part 1: Fire resistance test for door and shutter assemblies and openable windows)

This part specifies the method for determining door and shutter assemblies designed for installation within openings incorporating vertical separating elements, including hinged and pivoted doors, horizontal and vertical sliding doors and uninsulated steel single-skin folded shutters. Performance criteria are assessed against insulation, integrity and radiation.

 

British standards

BS 476: Part 20: 1987 (BS EN 1363: Part 1: 2012) - Methods for determination of the fire resistance of construction elements (general principles)

This part describes the general procedures and equipment required to determine the fire resistance of construction elements. It should be read in conjunction with BS 476: Parts 21 to 24 as appropriate, which describe the detailed procedure for the testing of individual construction elements.

BS 476: Part 21: 1987 (BS EN 1365: Parts 1 to 4) - Methods for determination of the fire resistance of load bearing construction elements.

This standard describes methods for determining the fire resistance of load bearing beams, columns, floors, flat roofs and walls. Beams and columns are assessed in terms of load bearing capacity while dividing elements such as floors, flat roofs and walls are measured in terms of load bearing capacity, integrity and insulation.

BS 476: Part 22: 1987 (BS EN 1364: Parts 1 and 2: 1999) - Methods for determination of the fire resistance of non-load bearing construction elements.

This standard describes methods for determining the fire resistance of non-load bearing partitions, door sets, shutter assemblies, ceiling membranes and glazed elements of construction with respect to integrity and, where appropriate, insulation.

BS 476: Part 23: 1987 - Methods for determination of the contribution of components to the fire resistance of a structure

This standard describes test methods for determination of the contribution of suspended ceilings to the fire resistance of steel beams, as well as for determination of the contribution of intumescent seals to the fire resistance of timber door assemblies.

BS 476: Part 24: 1987 (BS EN 1366: Part 1: 1999) - Methods for determination of the fire resistance of ventilation ducts

This standard describes the methods used to test and measure the ability of a duct assembly to prevent the spread of fire from one fire compartment to another. Results are expressed in terms of stability, integrity and insulation.

BS 7346-3:1990 (BS EN 12101-1:2005) - Components for smoke and heat control systems

This standard describes methods for determining the fire resistance of smoke curtains where those items are used as part of a smoke control system.

 

International standards

ISO 834: Part 1: 1999 - General requirements

This part specifies general principles regarding equipment, instrumentation and procedures on the method of determining the fire resistance of various elements of constructions when subjected to standard fire exposure conditions.

ISO 834: Part 4: 2000 - Specific requirements for load bearing vertical separating elements

This part is applicable to vertical load-bearing separating elements of building construction when exposed to fire on one side. The fire resistance performance of the tested specimen is assessed against insulation, integrity and load-bearing capacity.

ISO 834: Part 5: 2000 - Specific requirements for load bearing horizontal separating elements

This part is applicable to horizontal separating load bearing elements of building construction such as floors and roofs, including load bearing elements containing beams, when exposed to fire from the underside. The fire resistance performance of the tested specimen is assessed against insulation, integrity and load bearing capacity.

ISO 834: Part 6: 2000 - Specific requirements for beams

This part specifies the procedures for determining the fire resistance of beams when tested on their own with their underside and two vertical sides exposed to heating, otherwise appropriate exposure conditions have to be reproduced. The beam is assessed against load bearing capacity criteria.

ISO 834: Part 7: 2000 - Specific requirements for columns

This part specifies the procedures for determining the fire resistance of columns when tested on their own. The column is tested fully exposed to fire on all sides, unless other appropriate exposure conditions have to be reproduced. The column is assessed against load bearing capacity criteria.

ISO 834: Part 8: 2000 - Specific requirements for non-load bearing vertical separating elements

This part is applicable to vertical separating elements of building construction when exposed to fire on one side. The fire resistance performance of the tested specimen is assessed against insulation and integrity criteria.

ISO 834: Part 9: 2003 - Specific requirements for non-load bearing ceiling elements

This part determines the fire resistance performance of a ceiling assessed against insulation and integrity criteria, when exposed to heating below the ceiling. The test method is applicable to self-supporting ceiling and suspended ceiling construction.

 

Australian standards

AS 1530: Part 4: 2005 - Fire resistance test of construction elements

The standard follows the general principles and procedures contained in the ISO 834 series and other related documents, but consolidates them in one document. This standard provides a method for determining the fire resistance of building elements including walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, columns, beams, door sets, uninsulated glazing, air ducts, service penetrations and fire damper assemblies. The Building Code of Australia (BCA) recognises compliance with the code when the relevant system of construction is tested in accordance with this standard.

AS 4072: Part 1: 2005 - Components for the protection of openings in fire resistant separating element (Part 1: Service penetrations and control joints)

This part specifies the requirements for testing, interpretation of the test results, and installation of penetration sealing systems and control joints sealing systems in fire resistant elements of construction. The standard is based on the testing of standard configurations and provides minimum requirements for these fire stopping systems. It is intended to complement the fire protection requirements of the BCA and is to be read in conjunction with the testing regimes outlined in AS 1530: Part 4.

AS 5113 - Fire propagation testing and classification of external walls of buildings

This provides an accurate indication of the fire performance of wall claddings and wall assemblies. AS 5113 will be referenced in a new verification method that will enable industry to verify the fire performance of external cladding systems against the relevant performance requirements of the NCC.

 

Assessments / Appraisals

Test reports only state what has been tested and show no variations. Changes to a construction tested to Australian, British or European standards will require either another fire test or an engineering assessment.

An assessment is a desktop study undertaken by an independent fire consultant and allowing some variations from a tested design. The nature and scope of any variation will depend to a large extent on the size and configuration of the test specimen.

Project specific assessments can also be produced - and tests conducted - tailored to the specific needs of a building project.

Fire Doors and Fire Exit Doors

Fire Doors and Fire Exit Doors

A fire door is a door with a fire-resistance rating (sometimes referred to as a fire protection rating for closures) used as part of a passive fire protection system to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between separate compartments of a structure and to enable safe egress from a building or structure or ship.

A fire door is more than just the door itself, it refers to the door, the fixings, the fitting, the ironmongery (latches, handles, etc.) and the frame. Fire doors should be compliant and tested to BS 476 Part 22 or to the European equivalent BS EN 1634-1. BS EN 13502-2, Fire classification of construction products and building elements sets the fire resistance classifications. 

This standard should not be confused with NFPA 80-2019 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives.  NFPA 80-2019 provides guidelines for the installation and maintenance of assemblies and devices used to protect openings in walls, floors, and ceilings whose main goal is to keep fire and smoke from moving throughout a building. Not including fabric fire safety curtains, this standard covers devices that have been the focus of a standardized fire test. Fire doors are designed to stop or slow down the spread of fire, smoke and toxic fumes from one part of a building to another, giving the building's occupants a chance to exit safely. The doors help protect the contents and structure of the building by limiting the fire spread

NFPA 80-2019 addresses information on swinging doors with builders hardware, swinging doors with fire door hardware, horizontally sliding doors, special-purpose horizontally sliding accordion doors or folding doors, vertically sliding fire doors, rolling steel doors, fire shutters, service counter fire doors, and host of others. The document can be used as a means to give guidance to authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs), so they can see if assemblies have met and maintained appropriate standards.

NFPA 80-2019 addresses information on swinging doors with builders hardware, swinging doors with fire door hardware, horizontally sliding doors, special-purpose horizontally sliding accordion doors or folding doors, vertically sliding fire doors, rolling steel doors, fire shutters, service counter fire doors, and host of others. The document can be used as a means to give guidance to authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs), so they can see if assemblies have met and maintained appropriate standards.

Here are some of the key features to look out for in terms of both domestic and commercial use:

•      Fire doors are made up of various components. The door itself is usually made from a solid timber frame, but they can sometimes be covered again in fire-resistant glass.
•      Around the edges of the door will be the intumescent seal, which is designed to expand when temperatures reach beyond 200°C to seal the gaps between the door and frame.
•      For a private premises, it is advised to install fire doors where the risk is most imminent, for example the kitchen, or rooms which house lots of electrical devices. If your property is a new build, it should have been subject to regulations ensuring certain doors are fire doors – check this with the developer.
•           For commercial or non-domestic properties, liability lies with whoever is deemed the ‘responsible person’ for that property or the employer. For example, the owner of the property, or the person in control of the property for trade reasons would be responsible.
•      Thorough risk assessments must be carried out and it is advisable to get professional help with all fire-safety-related regulations. There is more to fire safety than just fire doors; escape routes, lighting, warning systems and equipment checks are also required.
•         When you’re choosing a door it’s important to know what the different specifications mean.
•           Around 42% of deaths during house fires are not from direct contact with the flames, but the consumption of smoke. With this in mind, keep an eye out for a doorset with cold smoke seals. These should be within the intumescent seal.

The same requirements as above will apply to a fire exit door. There are also additional requirements where the door is the final exit point of a building:

1.   The door should open in the direction of evacuation.
2.    There should be no locks or catches. Many use a push bar system that will open the door when pressed down. If the door is also a secure entrance, the lock/catches must self-open when the fire alarm sounds.
3.    The final fire exit door must lead to a place of safety.
4.    It must have a self-closing mechanism so that the door will shut behind people evacuating in order to contain the fire and smoke. This will also limit the oxygen going in to the building which will feed a fire.
5.   The signage will need mandatory fire exit signs that are illuminated. Situated above the door. 

The following requirements must be complied with in respect of premises where necessary (whether due to the features of the premises, the activity carried on there, any hazard present or any other relevant circumstances) in order to safeguard the safety of relevant persons -

a.  Emergency routes and exits must lead as directly as possible to a place of safety;

b.  In the event of danger, it must be possible for persons to evacuate the premises as quickly and as safely as possible;

c.  The number, distribution and dimensions of emergency routes and exits must be adequate having regard to the use, equipment and dimensions of the premises and the maximum number of persons who may be present there at any one time;

d.  Emergency doors must open in the direction of escape;

e.  Sliding or revolving doors must not be used for exits specifically intended as emergency exits;

f.   Emergency doors must not be so locked or fastened that they cannot be easily and immediately opened by any person who may require to use them in an emergency;

g.  Emergency routes and exits must be indicated by signs; and

h.  Emergency routes and exits requiring illumination must be provided with emergency lighting of adequate intensity in the case of failure of their normal lighting.”

The “responsible person” is the landlord, employer, owner, and occupier. Anyone who uses or would require the use of the fire exit will have a responsibility to ensure that it remains clear, free from damage and that any contravention to this is reported to the employer, owner, occupier, landlord as soon as possible.

Sources:
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/485420/BR_PDF_AD_B1_2013.pdf
http://firecode.org.uk/Code_of_Practice_hardware_for_fire_and_escape_doors.pdf