Fire Rated Door & What Should Keep In Mind

Does Your Building Need Fire Rated Door & What Should Keep In Mind? 

When a fire emergency strikes, nothing is more important than ensuring the safety of the people inside the premises. And while many factors to consider—like having adequately trained security guards and reliable fire alarms—one of the most effective tools are fireproof doors.

Ensuring the safety and fire resistance of buildings is paramount, particularly in areas that are critical for containment and evacuation during emergencies. The National Building Code (NBC) outlines specific requirements for the installation of fire door assemblies to enhance fire protection across various building components and areas. This summary categorises these requirements into general building components, specific shafts and chutes, lobbies, stairwells, basements, corridors, egress pathways, high hazard areas, and special situations. By adhering to these guidelines, the integrity of fire containment within structures is significantly improved, providing safer environments for occupants and aiding in effective emergency response efforts. The following sections detail the specific fire door ratings required for each critical area as per NBC clauses.

WHAT IS A FIRE-RATED DOOR?

Let’s be realistic: doors cannot be 100% fireproof. When fires break out inside a property, they create an intense heat known to melt steel doors. However, the function of fire-rated doors isn’t to survive the flames; instead, it’s to slow down the blaze and limit any potential damage from spreading throughout the entire building.

A fire-rated door is a type of door that is specifically designed to resist the effects of fire. They are typically rated by how long they can withstand the heat and flames without sustaining damage. It usually takes into account the material the door is made of, its thickness, shape, and size. The higher the rating, the longer it will be able to withstand fire before it sustains damage or becomes unusable.

Some doors are designed to keep out smoke and heat for 30 minutes, while others can withstand longer. These doors seal the area tightly and protect it from intense heat and smoke regardless of the type.

DO YOU NEED ONE IN YOUR BUILDING?

Modern buildings often require fire-rated doors to abide by the National Building Code of India 2016 is mandates. These doors surround staircase and elevator shafts to help keep smoke or fire from spreading through numerous building floors.

High-Rise Buildings: These doors are often used in high-rise buildings where fire safety is crucial due to the potential for rapid fire spread and evacuation challenges.

Commercial Buildings: Insulated fire doors are commonly installed in commercial structures such as office buildings, shopping malls, and hotels to compartmentalise fire and prevent its spread, protecting occupants and property.

Industrial Facilities: Industries with high fire risk, such as manufacturing plants and warehouses storing flammable materials, may utilise insulated fire doors to contain fires within specific areas and prevent them from spreading throughout the facility.

Healthcare Facilities: Hospitals and medical centers employ insulated fire doors to safeguard patients, staff, and sensitive equipment from fire hazards, maintaining critical operations during emergencies.

If your building does not currently have a fire-rated door, it is recommended to consult an experienced contractor like SSA Integrate to install one for you.

THE ANATOMY OF A FIRE DOOR

A fire door consists of many different components, such as frames, doors, hardware, seals and glass that help keep out flames or smoke once closed.

Thermal insulation in fire door assemblies is most important under anatomy of a fire door.

FIRE RATING LABEL

On fire ratings, you may see several minutes or hours. It is the fire endurance rating, which the certifying agency gives after exposing the door to extreme temperatures reaching as high as 1,925° F (approximately 1,000° C). You’ll see these in intervals of 30, 60, 120, or 240 minutes, while some labels show hours. Fire rating labels are typically found on the hinge side of the door and the door frame, hidden from view.

Insulated fire doors are tested for both integrity and insulation, further divided into partially insulated (minimum 60 minutes insulation) and fully insulated (integrity rating equals insulation rating). Uninsulated fire doors are tested solely for integrity. As per NBC the ratings are:

A. GENERAL BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION TYPES

1. Type 1 to 3 Construction

• Clause 3.4.5: Every wall opening protected with fire-resisting doors (120 min rating).

2. Type 4 Construction

• Clause 3.4.5.3: Openings in fire separating walls or floors fitted with fire-resistant assemblies (120 min rating). 

B. CORRIDORS AND EGRESS PATHWAYS

1. Exit Access Corridors in Specific Occupancies

• Clause 4.6.1: Fire doors (20 min self-closing for corridors, 120 min for exit passageways).

2. Progressive Horizontal Evacuation Compartments

• Clause 6.3.2 (c): Self-closing fire doors with electromagnetic hold open and sequence coordinators.

• Clause 6.3.2 (g) (12): Fire doors (120 min rating).

C. HIGH HAZARD AREAS

1. Pump House

• Clause 5.1.2.2 (c): Fire doors (120 min rating).

2. Stores, Engineering Workshops, High Hazard Areas

• Clause 6.1.2 (d): Fire doors with signage to be kept closed.

• Clause 6.7.1.1 (m): Two fire doors (180 min rating each).

D. SPECIFIC BUILDING COMPONENTS AND AREAS

1. Firefighting Shaft (Fire Tower)

• Clause 2.24: Fire doors (120 min rating).

2. Horizontal Exit

• Clause 2.39: Fire doors in fire-resistant walls (120 min rating).

3. Fire Command Centre (FCC)

• Clause 3.4.12 (b): Fire doors (120 min rating).

4. Electrical and Plumbing Shafts

• Clause 3.4.5.4: Electrical service ducts and shafts (120 min rating).

• Clause 3.4.5.4*: Plumbing shafts with doors opening inside the building (30 min rating).

5. Refuse Chutes

• Clause 3.4.5.5: Inspection panel and doors (60 min rating).

6. Lift Lobby and Stairwell

• Clause 4.2.7: Fire doors (120 min rating).

7. Basement Car Parking

• Clause 4.2.19 (c): Door openings to basement (120 min rating).

8. Access to Exit Staircase

• Clause 4.4.2.4.3.2 (h) (2): Fire doors (120 min rating).

9. Lift Lobby

• Table 6 (Note 1): Fire doors (120 min rating).

These groupings facilitate a clearer understanding of where fire door assemblies are needed according to their specific applications and requirements.

fire door specification as per NBC

In the building safety, fire door specification as per NBC play a crucial role in protecting lives and property.

The National Building Code (NBC) of India is a comprehensive set of guidelines that ensure the safety, health, and sustainability of buildings. When it comes to fire doors, the NBC outlines specific requirements to enhance fire safety. Here’s a closer look at the key specifications:

1.   Fire Resistance Rating NBC mandates that fire doors must have a minimum fire resistance rating, usually measured in hours. The rating indicates how long the door can withstand fire exposure while maintaining its integrity. Common ratings are 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes.

2.   Material and Construction Fire doors must be constructed from materials that can withstand high temperatures and prevent the spread of fire and smoke. Steel and timber are common materials used, often with a core of fire-resistant material.

3.   Door Frame and Hardware The door frame, hinges, locks, and other hardware components must also meet fire resistance standards. Self-closing mechanisms are essential to ensure the door closes automatically in the event of a fire.

4.   Smoke Seals Effective smoke seals are crucial in fire doors to prevent the spread of smoke, which can be as dangerous as the fire itself. The NBC specifies the type and installation of these seals.

5.   Glazing If a fire door includes glazed panels, the glass must be fire-rated and comply with NBC guidelines. The glazing should maintain its integrity under fire conditions for a specified period.

6.   Installation Proper installation is as important as the door itself. NBC specifies that fire doors must be installed by trained professionals to ensure they function correctly in an emergency.

✅ Benefits of NBC Compliant Fire Doors

Adhering to NBC specifications for fire doors offers numerous benefits:

·        Enhanced Safety: Ensures maximum protection for occupants by containing fire and smoke.

·        Legal Compliance: Meets regulatory requirements, reducing liability and ensuring legal adherence.

·        Peace of Mind: Provides reassurance that your building is equipped with the best fire safety measures. 

FIRE RESISTANT DOOR

Fire-rated doors themselves can be either made from wood or steel. Steel fire-rated doors typically have higher fire ratings because they are non-flammable and don’t contribute to the flame – no matter what situation arises. Wooden fire-rated doors are usually equipped with a gypsum core, which is resistant to heat and not combustible, or they may contain a regular plasterboard instead.

FIRE RESISTANT GLASS AND SEALS

Some fire doors may include vision panels with glass rated for fires, but these are typically only seen in lower fire-rated doors. Fire doors must also have an intumescent strip at the bottom to seal them off from outside air sources. 

The glass used in fire door assemblies is tested for its ability to withstand intense heat. However, current codes also require it to be tested for resistance against being shattered. It means that each piece of glass must have markings labelled as either resistant against impact or hazardous when broken due to heat exposure. Otherwise, the glass can not be used indoors or in other areas where people risk damaging them.

FIRE RESISTANT LATCHING HARDWARE

Fire-rated doors must be shut close during fires, or the door won’t stop or slow the spread of fire and smoke. Every fire door needs self-closing mechanisms combined with steel ball-bearing hinges, as these are tougher than standard ones.

FIRE PROTECTIVE VS FIRE RESISTIVE DOORS 

Knowing the difference between fire-resistant and fire-protective matters because you need to consider how much protection your property needs. It can depend on your commercial building; for example, you need a fire-resistive door in a school science lab with highly combustible substances that require protection from high heat.

Fire Protective: If an assembly is classified as fire-protective, it defends against the spread of flames and smoke to protect people for a specific time. A typical fire-protective door would be appropriate if building codes allow door-protective assemblies, including the door itself, sidelights, or windows. Traditional wired glass, glass ceramics, and tempered glass can all be used to achieve this protection. 

This type only partially stops heat from transferring to the other side of the glass, but it can be fire-rated for up to 180 minutes but with size limitations. 

Fire Resistive: If an assembly is fire-resistant, it has the same protection against flames and smoke as its fire-protective counterpart but also offers another level of security by blocking off radiant and conductive heat. 

Fire resistance is weaker than fireproofing. Most fire-resistant doors are only rated for 45 minutes’ worth of protection against fires or smoke. Experts point out that the chief difference between fire-resistant and fireproofing materials is that they are not supposed to be able to contain heat.

CAN GLASS DOORS BE FIRE-RATED?

Fire-rated glass is a particular type of glass that is specifically designed to offer protection against fires. It acts as an impenetrable shield against flames, thus preventing them from spreading, and it stops any smoke from invading other parts of the building. 

Depending on the type of glass used, this glazed panel may also act as an insulator, which protects the rest of the building from extreme heat caused by fires. All fire-rated doors containing glass must use fire-resistant material, according to strict building regulations.

Manufacturers offer a wide range of fire-resistant glass doors for various applications. For instance, these doors are used in high-rise buildings and other places requiring higher security levels. The door, frame, lite kits, and hardware create the necessary protection for the building.

Installing a fire-rated door is not easy, but it can be done with the help of experts in the industry. Hart Engineering prides itself on creating compliant solutions that provide customers with peace of mind regarding fire safety. Contact SSA Integrate today, and we’ll help ensure that your property has the necessary equipment to meet your needs.

Before choosing fire-rated glass for your project, consider these factors: 

·        NBC Part 4 Certification – Ensure the glass meets NBC Part 4 fire safety standards, which outline essential fire protection measures. 

·        BIS Standards Compliance – Fire-rated glass should be tested under IS 16947:2018 and IS 16945:2018, India’s benchmark standards for fire resistance and safety. 

·        Local Fire Department Approvals – Each state or city has its own fire safety regulations. Ensure that your fire-rated glass is pre-approved for municipal construction projects. 

·        Third-Party Certifications – Look for additional certifications, such as IGBC, GRIHA, or LEED, which indicate compliance with sustainable and safety standards.

✅ NBC sets clear performance standards based on three classifications: 

E-Class (Integrity Only) – The First Line of Defense

This type of fire-rated glass prevents the spread of flames and smoke but does not block heat transfer. It’s ideal for applications where containing fire is crucial, but radiant heat protection isn’t a major concern. 

EW-Class (Integrity + Radiation Control) – Extra Protection

EW-Class glass takes it a step further by reducing the amount of heat transferred through the glass. This means that while it prevents flames and smoke from spreading, it also minimises the impact of radiant heat, making it safer for evacuation routes. 

EI-Class (Integrity + Insulation) – Maximum Safety  

This is the gold standard of fire-rated glass. Not only does it stop flames and smoke, but it also blocks radiant heat. This is ideal for high-risk areas where occupant safety is a priority. 

When selecting fire-rated glass, it’s essential to choose the right classification based on the building’s function and fire safety needs.

✅ NBC has mapped out specific areas that require fire-rated glass to ensure maximum safety while maintaining architectural integrity.

By strategically integrating fire-rated glass in these key areas, buildings can meet NBC compliance while enhancing safety without sacrificing aesthetics. 

Here’s where it should be used: 

Internal & External Fire Exit Stairways – These are critical evacuation routes. Fire-rated doors and partitions help contain the fire and provide a safe exit path. 

Firefighting Shafts – Essential for emergency responders, these areas must be enclosed with fire-resistant materials to keep them operational during a fire. 

Non-Naturally Ventilated Lift Lobbies – Since smoke buildup in lift areas can be dangerous, fire-rated glass barriers help create a smoke-free zone. 

Refuge Areas – Designated safe zones in high-rise buildings need fire-rated partitions to provide temporary protection while evacuation is underway. 

Car Parking Separations – Parking garages carry a fire risk due to fuel exposure and vehicle congestion. Fire-resistant walls help contain potential fires, preventing them from spreading and enhancing overall safety. 

Kitchen Separations – Commercial and residential kitchens require heat-resistant barriers to prevent fire from spreading to other areas.

Who Can Inspect Fire Doors?
Fire doors play a critical role in protecting life and property — but only if they’re working as intended. That’s why annual inspections are required.
But here’s the question:

Who’s qualified to perform them?
✅ According to NFPA 80, inspections must be performed by a qualified person — someone with the knowledge of door operation and applicable codes.
 
That person could be:
 • A third-party fire door inspector
 • A trained building employee (Training Certificate must show)

 •  A person who attend “Capsule Course on NBC 2016” from NITS, BIS (Attendance Certificate must show)

 • Even the property owner if certified.

So who decides what “qualified” means?
 👉 The Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) does.

Qualification is typically based on demonstrated knowledge through a recognized degree, certification, professional standing (Like NFPA Member), or training.

About Author:

Dr. Arindam Bhadra is a Fire safety consultant based in Kolkata, India, with over 20 years of experience in Fire safety systems. He’s currently founding director of the Sprinkler Fire Safety Awareness and Welfare Foundation & SSA Integrate. He working on Fire Safety awareness, training, consultancy & Audit in same field. Dr. Arindam Bhadra is popularly known as "Fire ka Doctor" because of his expertise in fire safety, prevention, and awareness, helping people and organizations stay safe from fire hazards. He is Member of FSAI, NFPA etc. He is certified fire Inspector and certified Fire Protection professional.

Fire blankets carried by fire departments

Fire blankets carried by fire departments 

Ensuring the safe evacuation of vulnerable people from supported housing can be a major challenge, but SSA Integrate has implemented some innovative approaches to ensure residents with disabilities can safely escape without the need to rely on ‘stay put’ procedures and fire service assistance. Fire blankets are made of specially treated synthetic and fire-resistant or fire-retardant materials, including woven fibreglass and wool, which can withstand high temperatures of around 500 to even 900 degrees Celsius.

In firefighting, rapid and effective response is paramount. As fire departments continually strive to optimise their equipment and techniques, the inclusion of fire blankets, particularly for car fires, is a compelling consideration. Fire blankets, though often overlooked, offer unique advantages that can significantly enhance fire safety and response efficacy. NFPA 701 sets the standard for fire tests of flame propagation of textiles and films. This standard includes testing procedures for determining the flame resistance of fire blankets.

The Hazards Movement supports people working to ensure equality in safety, public and occupational health for everyone in society, including but also beyond the workplace. Everyone is entitled to feel and be safe and secure from hazards, contaminants and unsafe practices in their life, one of the basic needs identified in Maslow’s hierarchy. The fire safety management system predicated on a fire risk assessment, the findings of which dictate the fire safety management systems implemented, tested, reviewed and rehearsed to ensure everyone’s safety.

The unique nature of car fires

Car fires present distinct challenges compared to structural fires. Vehicles contain a mix of flammable materials, complex electrical systems, and, increasingly, highenergy battery packs in electric and hybrid cars. Traditional methods, primarily using water or foam, can be effective but come with limitations, such as potential electrical hazards and the difficulty in suppressing fires involving modern vehicle components. Fire blankets provide a straightforward, versatile solution to these challenges.

Practical implementation

For fire departments, integrating fire blankets into standard equipment involves training personnel in their effective deployment. Firefighters should be proficient in using blankets to cover burning vehicles swiftly, ensuring complete coverage to maximise oxygen deprivation. Additionally, fire departments can develop protocols for the coordinated use of fire blankets with other firefighting methods, creating a multi-layered approach to vehicle fire suppression.

Fire Blanket Sizes

While the market is filled with a range of fire blanket sizes. The standard sizes of fire blankets variants popular in New Zealand are available in –

·        1.0 m X 1.0 m – Ideal for homes and small kitchens

·        1.2 m X 1.2 m – Ideal for homes and large home kitchens

·        1.2 m X 1.8 m – Ideal for commercial kitchens, clothing fires, and small workplaces with potential fire hazards.

·        1.8 m X 1.8 m – Ideal for commercial kitchens, commercial facilities, and clothing fires. 

Advantages of fire blankets

1. Immediate Containment:

Fire blankets can quickly smother flames, depriving the fire of oxygen and stopping

its spread. This immediate containment is crucial in car fires, where rapid escalation can lead to explosions or the involvement of nearby vehicles and structures

2. Safety:

Using water or foam on electrical components or fuel systems can pose risks. Fire blankets mitigate these hazards by providing a nonconductive barrier, reducing the chance of electrical shocks or chemical reactions.

3. Environmental Impact:

Fire blankets reduce the need for chemical extinguishing agents, which can have adverse environmental effects. This aligns with growing environmental stewardship in fire departments and communities.

4. Reusability and Cost-Effectiveness:

High-quality fire blankets are durable and can be reused after proper decontamination, offering a cost-effective solution over time. This contrasts with the recurrent costs associated with foam and chemical extinguishing agents.

Fire Blanket Maintenance

The fire blankets should be kept in a handy yet safe location where they are not contaminated with fats, cooking oil, or other flammable materials. Fire blankets contaminated with these materials pose the risk of fire hazards and may not effectively stop the fire. 

The extinguishment quality of the fire blanket degrades after use as it is contaminated with unfriendly and flammable materials. This is why the fire blankets should be disposed of after one use and replaced immediately.

Does a Fire Blanket Substitute a Fire Extinguisher?

No, it doesn’t. It is recommended to keep fire extinguishers and fire blankets handy during fire emergencies. Fire blankets are meant to be used alongside fire extinguishers, and one doesn’t overlap the importance of the other.

In fires of higher classes, fire extinguishers are a must. Remember, the fire blankets are only useful to stop small contained fires. It cannot potentially safeguard against larger fires.

Conclusion

As fire departments evolve to meet modern challenges, embracing fire blankets for car fires represents a strategic enhancement of firefighting capabilities. The immediate containment, safety benefits, environmental considerations, and cost-effectiveness of fire blankets make them an invaluable addition to fire response tools.

By equipping firefighters with fire blankets, departments can ensure a more effective, safer, and environmentally friendly approach to combating car fires, ultimately safeguarding lives and property with greater efficacy. Fire emergencies don’t occur with a warning, and it’s wise to stay prepared. It’s a worthy investment in a product you don’t ever hope to use, but if the situation ever demands it – you’ll be glad you made the right choice.

NFPA 25 2026 Updates

NFPA 25 2026 Updates 

NFPA 25 is the standard that governs the inspection, testing, and maintenance (ITM) of water-based fire protection systems. First published in 1992, it is updated every three years to incorporate new research, industry developments, and evolving safety requirements. Unlike some other NFPA standards, NFPA 25 is specifically designed for building owners rather than Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) and contractors. For fire protection professionals, staying informed about these updates is critical to maintaining compliance, ensuring safety, and optimizing business practices. Here’s a summarized breakdown:

NFPA 25 2020 Edition:

• New Definitions:
• Automated Inspection and Testing and Lowest Permissible Suction Pressure.
• Inspection Requirements:
• Relocation of owner responsibilities (e.g., recalled components) to enforceable sections.
• Dry hydrant ITM requirements (not dry barrel).
• System Performance:
• Failure to provide system demand for fire pumps is now an impairment.
• Revised Chapters:
• Extensive updates to Chapters 12 and 13, including new timing requirements for waterflow alarms.

NFPA 25 2023 Edition:

• Testing Updates:
• Nitrogen system maintenance requirements.
• New testing intervals (e.g., fast-response sprinklers extended to 25 years).
• Clarifications and Additions:
• Labels for pressure-reducing valves.
• Inspection of head guards and painted sprinkler heads.
• System Adjustments:
• Chapter 14 changes for obstruction investigations (e.g., dry/preaction systems with a 25% delay threshold).
• Consolidation of waterflow alarm device testing into Chapter 13.

 NFPA 25 2026 Proposed Changes:

1.  Dwelling Unit Definition: A Point of Contention

One of the most discussed topics in the ongoing revisions of NFPA 25 is the definition of a “dwelling unit.” A clear and standardized definition would eliminate confusion and ensure uniformity in the application of fire protection requirements. The subject has sparked debate, and although early proposals were rejected due to insufficient data, this issue remains under active discussion as the public comment period continues.

This topic’s importance lies in its potential to clarify which fire protection systems are required in residential settings versus commercial ones. With input from various stakeholders, NFPA committees are working to strike the right balance between clarity and practicality.

2.  Proposed Updates on System Definitions and Rules

Several key changes are being proposed to further define and refine certain fire protection system components. One such update is the definition of a system riser. This component, commonly understood as the point where water enters a structure, has been more clearly defined in the current revision. This change originated in NFPA 13 and was incorporated into NFPA 25 in this edition. NFPA 13 now allows hydraulic calculations using a C factor of 120 for dry pipe and preaction systems when those systems incorporate certain corrosion inhibiting technologies. The system riser, which can be vertical or horizontal, connects the water supply to the mains or cross-mains and includes a control valve. For each floor, there needs to be a hydraulic and general information sign, ensuring proper system operation. The C factor describes the relative roughness of the pipe interior, which accounts for an average amount of corrosion in both wet and dry systems over the 20-year life of the system. The build-up of corrosion byproducts on the wall of a pipe has proven to be worse in dry systems than wet systems; therefore, different C factors are prescribed by NFPA 13. The higher C factor of 120 allows for smaller pipe sizes to be used when hydraulically calculating the system for the available water supply, and therefore a less expensive system. However, an approved corrosion inhibiting technology must be maintained during the entire life of the system, or the system may become ineffective during a fire event because of the restriction in water delivery through the piping system caused by corrosion.

Because of the allowance of the higher C factor in NFPA 13 and the need to continuously maintain an approved corrosion inhibiting technology, the new edition of NFPA 25 has several proposed requirements to address that need. Previous paragraph 4.1.4.3 has been expanded from only referencing nitrogen as a corrosion inhibitor to create a new subsubsection 4.1.5 that includes all corrosion mitigation system technologies that must be maintained for the life of the system. If a corrosion mitigation system is not maintained, the dry or preaction system must be recalculated using a C factor of 100 and modified as necessary.

A related change was made to address the inspection, testing, and maintenance of corrosion-inhibiting systems with the addition of a new Section 13.11.

3.  Frozen System Guidelines: Strengthening Safety Protocols

The issue of frozen systems has also prompted attention. PI No. 172 proposes guidelines for dealing with frozen systems, For example, inspect all of the pipe, fittings, and components to determine if there is further damage or deformities, test the system with air, then perform a hydrostatic test just to name a few items. The goal is to ensure that systems are safe and operational after thawing, which may require inspecting components for damage and abnormalities. This change is a step toward enhancing system reliability, especially in colder climates.

4.  Backflow Prevention Devices: Clarity Needed

Another area of focus is the definition and regulation of backflow prevention devices, particularly Double Check Valve Assemblies (DCVA) and Reduced Pressure Backflow Assemblies (RPBA). Public comments have suggested that these devices, which are inspected less frequently, should not be given as much emphasis in the standard’s annexes.

While NFPA 25 doesn’t directly address these devices, their mention in an annex has raised concerns, especially as these devices only undergo internal inspections every five years. As the standard evolves, it will be important to determine the best way to handle these devices, ensuring that they are properly maintained without unnecessary inspection burdens.

5.  Inspector’s responsibilities & qualifications

The purpose of NFPA 25, according to the standard itself, is to “provide requirements that ensure a reasonable degree of protection for life and property from fire through minimum inspection, testing, and maintenance methods for water-based fire protection systems.” To that end, the NFPA 25 inspector should understand the scope of the standard, be familiar with its requirements, and be qualified to perform the required inspection and testing tasks. 

The inspection, testing, and maintenance (ITM) requirements of NFPA 25 have always been based on the premise that the water-based fire protection system was installed correctly in accordance with “generally accepted practice” as stated in 1.1.3. However, because many building owners and enforcers had unreasonable expectations for the inspector to be able to verify the adequacy and accuracy of the installed system, a specific statement to the contrary was added to paragraph 1.1.3.1. The intent of this statement has always been to make it clear that inspectors are not expected, or trained, to do more than inspect and test the system as installed.

In the 2023 edition, paragraph 1.1.3.1 was changed slightly to clarify that along with the inspector not being responsible for verifying the accuracy of the design of the system, the inspector isn’t responsible for verifying the accuracy of the installation of the system, either. However, there are certain tasks within NFPA 25 that require the inspector to verify the accuracy of the design. For instance, in Chapter 10, the inspector is required to consult NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, and be knowledgeable about the design requirements to successfully inspect and test the water spray system. Because there are instances in NFPA 25 that require verification of the design, a proposed change to 1.1.3.1 would acknowledge those instances in the 2026 edition.

Another change proposed for the 2026 edition addresses the qualifications of the NFPA 25 inspector. The 2023 edition lists three qualifications for personnel performing ITM functions. However, it was determined by the technical committee that it was not appropriate for NFPA 25 to dictate these prescriptive requirements. Instead, it should be left to the local jurisdiction through the legislative process to determine what the requirements are for qualified personnel. The qualifications in subparagraph 4.1.1.3.1 were deleted—they now reside in the annex to 4.1.1.3 as guidance—and paragraph 4.1.1.3 was modified to require the use of personnel qualified to perform specific ITM tasks.

6.  Annual Internal Inspections

All dry, preaction, and deluge valves will require annual internal inspections for dry pipe, preaction, and deluge systems has also come under scrutiny. Currently, dry pipe valves must be opened annually, even if they’ve been reset. Public feedback has questioned this requirement, particularly for systems with external reset capabilities. The committee is considering updates that would eliminate the five-year internal inspection restrictions for certain systems, but still require annual valve openings for others.

7.  System Gauges: Establishing Clear Guidelines

NFPA 25 previously did not specify when a system gauge is considered new, often assuming that a gauge was new until it was put into operation. PI No. 23 clarifies that the production date or shelf life of a gauge does not determine its age — the clock starts ticking once the gauge is installed in the system. This clarification should help avoid confusion and ensure that gauges are properly tested and maintained throughout their life cycle.

8.  Repair Timelines: Setting Clear Expectations

Repair timelines for both critical and non-critical systems have also been revised. PI No. 16 suggests specific repair times for degraded systems to ensure timely action. While similar standards exist in the NFPA 1 Fire Codes (2021 and 2024), the committee is still refining language around repair timelines. The second draft meeting will address whether these updates are feasible and how they should be applied across different system types.

9.  Documentation Cabinet: Enhancing Record-Keeping

The 2025 edition of NFPA 13 will require the construction of a documentation cabinet on new installations to store vital documents, such as acceptance tests, as-builts, and hydraulic data plates. This proposal, PI No. 12, aims to streamline access to key information for inspections and maintenance. However, there is ongoing debate about whether NFPA 25 should mandate the inspection of these cabinets and whether this requirement should apply retroactively to existing systems.

Conclusion

These are just a few examples of the suggested changes for the 2026 edition of NFPA 25. It is important to note that even if changes were accepted or denied in the first draft, their status is not final. The NFPA process allows for any public input or first draft item to be reopened in the second draft. For example, the requirement to open preaction and deluge valves annually was resubmitted in the second draft, proposing a change to a 3-year interval.

Understanding these updates allows you to guarantee that your water-based fire protection systems are inspected, tested, and maintained in accordance with the most recent requirements. This not only protects your property, but also the lives of those who dwell in your building.

Source: NFPA & NFSA.

AFFF Ban in the Countries

AFFF Ban in the Countries 

AFFF firefighting foam (aqueous film forming foam), which is mainly used to fight class B fires (fires involving flammable liquids), is currently being phased out and will be banned from 4th July 2025. AFFF is also used to fight and class A fires (flammable solids).

Class B fire is a fire in flammable liquids or flammable gases, petroleum greases, tars, oils, oil-based paints, solvents, lacquers, or alcohols. For example, propane, natural gas, gasoline and kerosene fires are types of Class B fires. The use of lighter fluid on a charcoal grill, for example, creates a Class B fire. Some plastics are also Class B fire materials.

Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) is being phased out in the United States due to its environmental and health risks. AFFF contains PFAS (polyfluoroalkyl substances), which are toxic chemicals that can accumulate in the body and cause serious health issues.

AFFF is “BAN” in Switzerland since 2011.

AFFF is “BAN” in South Australia from January 30, 2018

AFFF is “BAN” in South African country from January 30, 2020

AFFF is “BAN” in United States from July 4, 2025

AFFF is “BAN” in across the UK and EU country from July 4, 2025

AFFF is “BAN” in Japan country from October 1, 2025.

AFFF is “BAN” in New Zealand country from December 31, 2025

AFFF is “BAN” in Singapore country from January 1, 2026

US the Department of Defense (DOD) is required to discontinue the use of AFFF at its installations by October 1, 2026

Why is AFFF being banned?

AFFF contains PFOA (C8 AFFF / perfluorooctanoic acid) which belongs to a group of toxic chemicals called PFAS (C6 AFFF / polyfluoroalkyl substances). AFFF may also contain other chemicals that belong to this group.

All PFAS are known as ‘forever chemicals’ because they do not easily degrade in nature.

PFAS chemicals quickly dissolve in water and enter the ecosystem through soil, streams, and rivers. This causes environmental damage which can contaminate our drinking water and food supplies. PFAS have been found to accumulate in the bodies of animals and people, increasing in concentration over time. This can cause  a whole host of serious health issues including liver disease, kidney disease, decreased fertility, cardiovascular disorders and certain cancers.

A report by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) states, “there is evidence to suggest exposure to PFAS can lead to adverse health effects in humans (by eating or drinking food or water contaminated by PFAS)”.

·        Health risks

PFAS can cause liver disease, kidney disease, decreased fertility, cardiovascular disorders, and certain cancers.

·        Environmental risks

PFAS are "forever chemicals" that don't easily degrade in nature. They can contaminate drinking water and food supplies.

In 2014, Norway became the first country to ban the use of PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) in consumer products. This included textiles, carpets, and other coated products.

What are the challenges to phasing out AFFF? 

Phasing out Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) presents several challenges, including finding effective and readily available alternative foams with comparable fire suppression capabilities, managing the disposal of existing AFFF stocks, ensuring adequate training for firefighters on new foam technologies, addressing potential cost implications of switching, and navigating complex regulatory landscapes regarding PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) which are the primary concern with AFFF use.

Key challenges:

·        Performance limitations of alternative foams:

While "fluorine-free" foams (F3) are being developed as replacements, they may not always perform as well as AFFF in certain fire scenarios, particularly for Class B hydrocarbon fires, potentially compromising fire safety in specific situations. 

·        Environmental concerns with alternative foams:

Even if new foams contain no PFAS, there might still be concerns about their potential environmental impacts, requiring thorough testing and evaluation of their breakdown products.

·        Funding requirements: 

The transition to fluorine-free foam may require substantial funding.

·        Cost of transition:

Switching to new foam technologies can involve significant upfront costs for fire departments, including purchasing new foam concentrates, training personnel, and potentially modifying existing equipment.

·        Compatibility issues: 

Fluorine-free foams may not be able to withstand certain temperatures or be mixed with water in advance of use.

·        Disposing of existing AFFF stocks:

Properly managing the disposal of large quantities of existing AFFF, which can be highly contaminated with PFAS, is a complex issue due to limited disposal options and potential environmental regulations. 

·        Regulatory complexities:

Regulations regarding PFAS are constantly evolving, making it challenging to stay compliant while transitioning to new foam technologies. 

·        Training and awareness:

Firefighters need comprehensive training on the new foam technologies, including their proper application and limitations, to ensure effective fire suppression while mitigating potential risks. 

·        Lack of standardized testing protocols:

A lack of standardized testing methods for new foam alternatives can complicate the evaluation and comparison of their performance against AFFF. 

·        Industry adaptation:

Manufacturers and distributors of firefighting foam need to adapt production lines and marketing strategies to accommodate the transition away from AFFF. 

Potential solutions:

A potential solution to the environmental concerns surrounding AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) is to transition to fluorine-free firefighting foams which maintain fire suppression capabilities while eliminating the harmful per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) associated with traditional AFFF formulations; other options include utilizing water sprinklers in appropriate situations, depending on the fire hazard, and exploring alternative fire suppression methods like dry chemical agents depending on the specific application.

·        Continued research and development of alternative foams:

Investing in research to develop highly effective, environmentally friendly foams with comparable performance to AFFF. 

·        Collaboration between stakeholders:

Fostering partnerships between fire departments, foam manufacturers, regulators, and environmental organizations to address challenges and develop effective transition strategies. 

·        Stricter regulations and enforcement:

Implementing clear regulations regarding PFAS content in firefighting foams and enforcing compliance to drive the transition away from AFFF. 

·        Public awareness campaigns:

Educating the public about the environmental concerns related to PFAS in firefighting foam to support policy changes and responsible management practices. 

About AFFF alternatives:

Most of these seven aqueous film forming foam alternatives have been presented to Congress as potential replacements for the fire suppressant. Each has its pros, but it’s equally important to consider their cons (mainly cost). 

Finding the right solution for your business depends entirely on your budget and the types of fires you’ll be expected to put out.

Alternatives to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) include: 

·        Fluorine-free foams (FFFs)

These foams are a more conscious alternative to AFFF. They are made with a combination of phosphate betaine silicone surfactant (PPSS) and hydrocarbon surfactants. 

·        Hi-Ex foam

This High expansion foam is PFAS-free and uses a stable bubble structure to suffocate fires or a large volume of foam is needed to cover a wide area. It can be used with fresh or seawater. 

·        Water Mist Extinguishers

Water mist extinguishers can be used to extinguish class A, B and C fires and fires involving electrical equipment. They are environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and easier to clean up than foam extinguishers, reducing the damage caused by firefighting.

·        Carbon dioxide (CO2)

This is an environmentally friendly fire suppressant that can be used against fires involving electrical equipment and flammable liquids. 

·        Clean agents

These are synthetic fire suppressants that can be used against fires involving flammable liquids, gases, and electrical equipment. 

·        Wet chemical

This is a solution that can be used against fires involving cooking oils and fats. 

·        Dry chemical

Dry chemical agents are effective for extinguishing class B fires because they interrupt the chemical reaction of the fire and smother the flames. There are various types of dry chemical agents used for class B fires:

1.   Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃): Sodium bicarbonate-based dry chemical agents work by releasing carbon dioxide gas, which displaces oxygen and suffocates the fire.

2.   Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO₃): Similar to sodium bicarbonate agents, they release carbon dioxide to inhibit combustion.

3.   Monoammonium phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄): Monoammonium phosphate-based agents are versatile and can be used for class B fires. They form a solid barrier over the surface of the flammable liquid, cutting off the fire’s oxygen supply.

4.   Ammonium phosphate (NH₄)₃PO₄: Ammonium phosphate dry chemical agents work by forming a blanket-like barrier on the fuel surface, creating a barrier between the fuel and the oxygen.

5.   Potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃): Potassium carbonate agents are less common but can be used for class B fires. They help to suppress the fire by releasing carbon dioxide and inhibiting combustion.

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has been funding the development of F3 products since 2017. The DoD released specifications for F3 in January 2023, which will help transition from AFFF to (MIL-PRF-32725) F3. 

What does the MIL-PRF-32725 specify?

·        The specification requires that no PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are intentionally added to the production of F3 foam 

·        The specification outlines performance-based standards for F3 foam, which is intended for use on class B hydrocarbon liquid fuel fires 

What are the transition plans?

·        The DoD requires military bases to stop purchasing AFFF by October 1, 2023, and to eliminate the use altogether by October 1, 2024 

·        The FAA has also released an Aircraft Firefighting Foam Transition Plan 

Important considerations when selecting an AFFF alternative:

·        Fire hazard assessment:

Carefully evaluate the type of fire risk to choose the most effective firefighting agent. 

·        Application compatibility:

Ensure the chosen alternative is compatible with existing firefighting equipment and infrastructure. 

·        Training and safety protocols:

Proper training for firefighters is crucial when transitioning to new firefighting foam technologies. 

On about INDIA

While there isn't a specific, nationwide "ban" on AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) in India, there is growing concern and regulatory movement towards phasing out its use due to its harmful PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) content, similar to trends seen in other countries; meaning manufacturers and users are increasingly looking for alternative firefighting foams with lower environmental impact. 

Key points about AFFF in India:

·        PFAS Concerns:

Like globally, the primary concern with AFFF in India is its potential to contaminate water sources due to the presence of PFAS chemicals, which are considered persistent and toxic. 

·        Regulatory Developments:

While no outright ban exists, Indian environmental agencies are actively monitoring and discussing regulations to limit the use of PFAS-containing firefighting foams, including AFFF.

·        Alternative Foams:

Companies are increasingly developing and promoting "fluorine-free" firefighting foams as a safer alternative to AFFF. 

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has removed the requirement for AFFF containing PFAS from their Standard on Aircraft Hangars. The NFPA has also added chapters to help users determine if AFFF containing PFAS is needed at their facility.

Fire safety legislation changes periodically, and it can be difficult for a busy organisation to stay up to date and compliant. Our highly experienced fire safety consultants offer you peace of mind by ensuring your organisation meets current fire safety regulations to keep people safe. We are always happy to advise you and answer any questions you may have.

Reference:

1.        https://usafefire.com/understanding-pfas-in-firefighting-foam/

2.        Robert H. Hill, Jr. & David C. Finster, Laboratory Safety for Chemistry Students (2d ed.: John Wiley & Sons, 2016).

3.        Fire Inspector: Principles and Practice (Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2012), pp. 204-06.

4.        https://ecology.wa.gov/Waste-Toxics/Reducing-toxic-chemicals/Addressing-priority-toxic-chemicals/PFAS/AFFF

5.        https://www.hwhenvironmental.com/afff-alternatives/#:~:text=Rather%20than%20foam%20or%20water,released%20via%20nozzles%20and%20piping.