Building a 'Fire Safe' India

Building a 'Fire Safe' India 

Fire in building is major threaten for now a days in India. Each year, several people killed, injured and huge losses of property due to building fire accident. To ensure adequate Safety Control measure to avoid fire accident in building is most essential components occupants and owner of building. In past few decade in India, fire Accident occurred time to time in Commercial building, multistoried building, Hospital, shopping mall, Factory warehouse and residential like building and resulted of huge losses of property and lives. Objective to Publish this paper is identify potential risk of fire in building, causes of fire and to ensure adequate fire safety measure to save people lives and protect to property. In this paper, few case studies included to know cause of fire and ensure adequate safety control measure to prevent similar future fire accident.

Objective

• Identify Potential risk of fire and minimize or control to building related fire risk.
• Ensure adequate Safety control measure to avoid fire accident in building.
• To save people lives and property.
• To prevent fire to economic growth of society and country.
• Identify and Installation of firefighting system including Fire Fighting, detection and suppression system.
• To ensure engineering measure to use fire resistance Barriers such as walls, partition and floors.
• To create Fire safety awareness among occupants of building.
• To Check and ensure existing control measure is adequate or not to prevent building fire.
• To Ensure Fire related parameter to identify fire related source and control them.

Recent Major Fire Incidents (2025–2026)

• Palam Building, Delhi (March 18, 2026): A massive fire broke out in a building, resulting in 9 deaths, including children. 
• Gulzar House, Hyderabad (May 18, 2025): A devastating fire near the Charminar claimed the lives of 17 family members, including 8 children. The tragedy was attributed to a single narrow entrance and closed windows that trapped victims in toxic smoke. 
• Mechua Market Hotel, Kolkata (April 29, 2025): A six-storey hotel fire caused 14 deaths. The building's single staircase was cut off by the blaze, leading to asphyxiation for many victims. 
• Diggi Bazaar Hotel, Ajmer (May 1, 2025): A fire in a five-storey hotel resulted in 4 deaths, with guests attempting to escape by jumping from windows

Major Industrial and Factory Fires in April 2026

• Thrissur Fireworks Explosion, Kerala (April 21, 2026): A massive explosion occurred at a fireworks manufacturing unit in Mundathikode. The unit was preparing materials for the Thrissur Pooram festival.
• Casualties: At least 14 people were killed and over 40 injured.
• Details: The blast triggered secondary explosions that hampered rescue efforts. The Kerala government declared it a "State-specific disaster". 
• Virudhunagar Fireworks Blast, Tamil Nadu (April 19, 2026): A devastating fire at a licensed firecracker factory claimed the lives of 23 people and injured six others. 
• Bharuch Chemical Factory, Gujarat (April 23, 2026): An explosion at Metropolitan Eximchem Pvt Ltd in the Jhagadia GIDC area injured at least 16 workers. 
• HPCL Refinery, Rajasthan (April 20, 2026): A major fire broke out at the Pachpadra refinery just 24 hours before its scheduled inauguration by the Prime Minister. No casualties were reported. 

Residential and Commercial Building Fires in April 2026

• Nandini Layout PG Fire, Bengaluru (April 27, 2026): A midnight blaze at an LED signage warehouse spread to an adjacent four-storey Ladies' PG accommodation.
• Rescue: Roughly 50 women residents were forced to jump from the upper floors or use ladders to escape. Miraculously, no fatalities were reported. 
• Anandalok Hospital, Kolkata (April 21, 2026): A fire on the second floor of the hospital in Salt Lake led to the emergency evacuation of 70 patients; no injuries were reported. 
• Heritage Market, Kasauli (April 13, 2026): Multiple LPG cylinder explosions gutted eight shops in the historic market, causing widespread panic but no reported deaths

1. Introduction

Fire accident in building is major threatening for developing country. Developed countries have less building fire risk respect to building of developing countries. In Developed Country, Fire Safety rules, regulation, guidelines and codes is strictly enforced, therefore building owner ensure all Fire Safety related compliance, during building design, construction and later to control building fire risk. India is developing country and here are major threaten of fire accident in building. Fire accident results huge losses of lives and property damage. In India, each year fire accident occurs in several building due to negligence and not follow safety rules of building owner or occupant people. Risk, related to fire accident depends on nature of building (such as Commercial building, multistoried building, Hospital, shopping mall, Factory warehouse), existing fire detection & fire fighting system, material used in building and fire safety awareness among occupants of building.

Fig. 1, Sources

According to NCRB, India in year 2015 total of 18,450 cases of fire accidents were reported in which 17700 people were killed and 1,193 injured. 42.1% deaths were occured in residential building due to fire accidents. Such Fire accident occurred in different state of India and majority of fire accident occurred in Maharashtra that was 22% of Total fire accident of India.

As per The National Crime Records Bureau Data, Total 113961 People lost their lives due to fire accident during 2010 to 2014. Major death occurred in Maharashtra state and it is approx. 24293. During 2010-14, percentage of women victims are more than man, the number of women victims was 75039 or 65.8% of all the deaths. The number of male victims on the other hand was 38917 or 34.2% of all the deaths. In year 2014, Fire accident reported was 26025 and in year, 2014 it was reported 19513 there this data shows percentage of accident decrease. The temple fire in Kollam that claimed more than 100 lives has renewed focus on fire accidents. The data available with the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) indicates that fire accidents of all types caused more than 1.13 lakh deaths from 2010 to 2014, at a staggering average of 62 deaths per day. Fig. (2), Shows Total numbers of Fire Accident and death during 2010 to 2014.

Fig. 2, Sources NCRB

As per NRCB, Electric short circuit, by fireworks, Gas cylinder and stove bursting are major cause of fire accident and apart from this smoking, use of heater etc. are cause of fire accident. Maharashtra is first state where fire accident occurred more respect to other state of India. Few Indian states name are given in figure (3) that shows total No. of fire accident occurred during 2010-2014 in different state.

Fig. 3, Sources NCRB

2. Causes of Fire Accident in Building

In building, there may be several cause of fire accident such as electrical Short circuit, Sparking due to loose electrical connection, Over Load electrical equipment, due to cooking appliances, Smoking, use of heater etc. Probability of fire Incident depends on nature of building such commercial, residential, warehouse, public building and presence of potential sources (Flammable materials), that results fire. Commercial building, multistory building, warehouse, hotel like building have potential of high risk of fire due to not follow safety laws and procedures and its results major harm in term of Death and property damage. Causes of Fire in building are:

• Inadequate storage of Combustible material in room of building.
• Cooking and cooking appliances, Heater, Oven used in building,
• Short circuit, loose electrical connection or overload electrical equipments and systems, Static electricity.
• Use of Candles and lighting, Smoking in building
• Flammable material storage or Fuel (LPG) gas cylinder storage near heat sources or live electrical equipment in building area.

Apart from this Fire Crackers, bursting of stove like factor also responsible to cause of fire.

In building, poor fire safety Parameter consideration during design such as fire exit, adequate height of building, ventilation, un-availability of fire fighting and detection system increases risk of fire. Poor method of flammable material storage and unawareness of Safety among people always also create risk and potential of fire accident occurring.

According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the most common causes of fires in commercial buildings are cooking equipment, heating equipment, electrical equipment and system, Smoking cigrates. Common cause of building fire are given in Figures 4.

Fig. 4, Common causes of building fire

As per case study carried out by Institution of safety Engineers (India) in month Dec. 2019, To collect data from different sources such as newspaper, Internet of past decade occurred fire accident and found that major numbers of fire accident were occurred, due to malfunction of electrical equipment and system including short circuit, sparking due to loose electrical connection, overload electrical equipment, electrical heater and second cause of fire accident are cooking and cooking appliances. Third cause is intentional fire such as misuse of heat source e.g child playing with lighter, matches, use of fire crackers, criminal activities etc. Apart from this flammable material storage near heat source, use of candles and incense stick, smoking were also cause of building fire in few cases.

Fig. 5, Sources: As per ISEI Case Studies

2.1 How Fire Occur in Building

Fire is chemical reaction in which Combustible material combine with oxygen when external source of heat is applied. Combustion occurs continuously when oxygen, heat and a fuel source present (Fig.).In environment of building area, Oxygen is already available and combustible material come in contact with heat sources then fire take place. During fire, heat, smoke and light release and rapidly increases producing flammable vapors.

Fuel + oxygen (presence in air) = combustion of materials (mainly CO₂) + Heat Energy and light.

Fig. 6, Fire Triangle

Heat sources may be in the form of malfunction of electrical equipments, sparking due to loose electrical connection, cooking, smoking, misuse of lighter, use of heater etc. Flammable material may be in form of used material in building (wood), home appliances including cooking gas cylinder etc.

3. Commercial Building Fire (Categories wise) As per NFPA

Fig. 7, Sources, NFPA, Fire due to cooking equipment

 

Fig. 8, Sources, NFPA, Electrical & Lighting Equipment

Fig.9, Sources, NFPA, Fire due to Heating Equipment

Fig. 10, Sources NFPA, Intentional Fire

Fig. 11, Sources, NFPA, Smoking material

4. Consequence of Fire and Causes of Death in Fire Accident

The most obvious consequence of fire accident is damage to building, Property and loss of lives. In details, if analyze the impacts of fire accident, then found unexpected losses occurred that can’t recover easily or within short time period. Fire accidents lead to cause of Personnel death, injury and huge economic loss of society and country. Major fire fully burnt to building property It results poor country reputation as well as owner of building. Steel lost their Two-third strength, if temperature is increased 600 ⁰ C therefore building strength also reduced. Timber and other material their nature is flammable can completely burn.

Most common cause of death during fire is suffocation due to inhalation of smoke, it include carbon mono-oxide (poising) and other toxic gas such as hydrogen cyanide due to burning plastic. Inhalation of carbon monoxide (CO) and other toxic gases that generates during burning, effect to human respiratory system, personnel unable to breathe and maintain required level of oxygen in body parts and its results Death.  Carbon monoxide (CO) remove oxygen from blood stream rapidly enters all parts of the human body, including blood, brain, heart, and muscles.  As per OSHA  limits long-term workplace exposure levels to less than 50 ppm averaged over an 8-hour period. On average, exposures at 100ppm or greater is dangerous to human health. Other Toxic gases such as phosgene can cause itchy eyes and sore in throat; at higher levels it can cause pulmonary edema and death. Released Smoke during fire are made of components, Particles, Vapours and toxic gases and effects to CNS, Heart, Kidney and such organ failure of human body results death.

Oxygen Level in atmosphere and Personnel health

O2 Level in Atmosphere	Description
21 percent	Normal outside air (Good for human health)
17 percent	Impaired judgment and coordination
12 percent	Headache, dizziness, nausea, fatigue
9 percent	Unconsciousness
6 percent	Respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, death

Table 1, Sources NFPA

In building Fire, hot steam, hot gases releases and material become hot due to burning and when Personnel come in contact with hot steam or Hot material, it lead to cause of burn injury and injury depend on Temperature value of hot material, hot steam or temperature of nearby place.  Temperature above 50 degree are dangerous and may lead to cause of burn if temperature increases. Death occurring after a fire is effect of burns, infection, respiratory system failure, organ failure such as Kidney or heart failure, Abnormal clotting etc. is caused of major burn and most death occurred due to fire is within one days.

5. How can minimize the losses during Fire

Effective Fire safety control measure including emergency response plan (ERP), help to control risk related building fire. Losses depend upon Type of Fire, Nature and availability of material in building, Occupants in building and existing fire safety control measure. Effective existing Fire Safety control measure reduce the severity of harm of fire event. Fire Safety Control measure may be in form of presence of Fire Fighting System, effective implementation of Govt. rules and guidelines, Fire Safety Awareness among people, Evacuation plan, availability of emergency exit, emergency lighting, Avoid loose electrical connection and use of standard electrical equipment including power cable, distribution board etc. Immediate Rescue operation and presence of firefighting team can take needful action on time to prevent spread to fire and save lives.  Avoid to use lift during fire accident. Incipient stage, shouldering stage and flame are stage of fire, if we control in initial stage then less probability of harm.

6. How to prevent Fire in Building

Fire accident in building can be control by to ensure adequate fire safety control measure parameter. Safety Control measure parameter may be in the form of passive or Active (Fig.12).

During design and construction, need to consider all parameter that are helpful to reduce risk up to acceptable level. Main objective to consider fire safety parameter is to minimize risk to prevent death, injury or building property or others who will be involve controlling fire and rescuing services during case of fire. During building design consider adequate ventilation, design large area into small area to provide effective fire barrier which is known as separation wall or compartments, Provide adequate exist including emergency escape route/exist for safe evacuation during fire.

Building material selection and construction such as use of non-combustible materials, fire resistant coating with building wall or structure, use less smoke emitting materials. Avoid using quick fire spread or flammable material for decoration in escape routes and kitchen room. Escape route must be constructed with high fire rating materials. Provide emergency lighting and signage in exist and access, it help to evacuate to occupants of building easily during fire. Room height should be adequate. Ensure Minimum two staircase with adequate hand railing and width of stair. The maximum travel distance from inside of the building to outside should be not more than 30 meters. Ensure Assembly point nearby building. Depute fire watchman to monitoring building time to time and take needful action to minimise fire related risk. Impart training time to time of occupants of building to create fire safety awareness. Display emergency contact no. including fire Station contact no. Ensure adequate fire prevention& Control system in building (Fig.12). Underground wiring, standard cable and power supply through adequate rating of circuit breaker, avoid to overload to electrical equipments help to reduce of potential risk of fire. Avoid to misuse of heat source such as lighter, matches and store to fuel gas cylinder such as LPG gas in suitable and safe place and check leakage time to time through soap bubble. Avoid smoking near wood furniture items or other flammable materials. Always ensure fire prevention system including detection, fighting& suppression system. Ensure all applicable compliance during design, construction and after using to building as per guideline of National building code (NBC) of India, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and respective state government guidelines and codes.

 

Fig. 12, Fire Prevention &Control system

7. Few major Fire Accident in India

• Fire Accident in Hotel Arpit place, Located in Karol Bagh Delhi

On Date 12 Feb. 2019, early morning Fire Occurred in Hotel Arpit place, Located in Karol Bagh Delhi. In this Fire Accident at Least 17 People Killed, several injured and Approx. 35 People were rescued. As per local media the caused of deaths occur due to suffocation during fire. Video recorded by eyewitness were showing many people jumping from building to save their lives and it results injury and death also. As per ,” firefighter statements published in Hindustan Times newspaper, Corridor was paneling with wooden and fire spread in corridor rapidly, so, people couldn’t use the corridor to leave the hotel during fire.

As per information received from witness, cause of fire was electrical short circuit. Structure was not fireproof, old wooden was used in door and building for decoration, Non-availability of fire exit and lack of firefighting system availability was caused of huge loss as per witness. Sources (BBC News) & other news sources.

• Surat Fire: 22 Person Killed in Coaching Center Blaze

On date May 26, 2019, Time 3:45–4:00 p.m. Fire broken out in Fourth stories building and coaching classes were running on top of building that was shade build. Fire Started from ground floor and spread rapidly and resulted at least 22 People killed in which 21were students and 1 was teacher. Television footage showed, many students were trying to escape by Jumping off from building top and its also resulted injury and death due to fall.

As per Information received from witness, the cause of fire was short circuit and poor fire safety measure availability of building resulted huge loss. (Sources: Newspaper)

• New Delhi Building Fire on 8 December 2019

In early morning, fire broken out when factory workers were slipping and at least 43 people were killed, most of them were factory workers, sleeping on various floors inside a building.  This six-story building was using as small factory for making paper products and purses.

Main cause of huge loss was poor fire protection devices, Non-availability of emergency exits and outdated electrical systems. Inadequate ventilation was also cause of people death due to asphyxia Sources. As per government sources, this building was no fire NOC. (Sources: Newspaper)

8. Conclusion

Fire in building creates major threat of loss of lives and damage to property.  It totally effect to society and country economy. Fire Safety Management is major parameter used to control fire. In initial, during building construction, consider safety parameter such as Fire resistance Material, Emergency exit and underground wiring including suitable earth leakage circuit breaker. Effective enforcement of Govt. rules related Fire Safety, Ensuring Compliance as per NBC, NFPA help to Prevent Fire related risk.  People should know how to operate Extinguisher and hydrant system and it should be in good working condition. Fuel gas cylinder such as LPG should keep away from electrical source, heat sources and well ventilated space. During Cooking, Take all precautionary measure to prevent fire. Time to Time, need to check gas leakage through soap bubble and as per recommendation of manufacturer follow all guidelines. Keep emergency contact no. and immediate report to local govt. authoring for needful action, if any fire accident occur. Small fire can be control through Fire extinguisher. Always consider engineering factor such as adequate height of building, adequate access including emergency exit and ventilation system in building. Avoid loose electrical wiring and use of defective electrical tools.

References

·        National Building Code – Bureau of Indian Standards
·        National Fire Protection Association code book
·        Institution of Safety Engineers (India), Safety Manuals
·        National Crime Records Bureau. (2014). Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India, 2013. India: NCRB.
·        News sources, BBC and others
·        NCRB, India
 

Diluting NBC Part IV-good or bad

Diluting NBC Part IV-good or bad

The National Building Code (NBC) of India is the country’s foundational safety framework for all buildings. It integrates structural design, fire and life safety, building services, environmental performance, and accessibility. Because it is based on scientific research, disaster lessons, and professional consensus, any dilution of the NBC raises a serious concern for public safety and long-term societal risk.

However, recent discussions in policy and regulatory circles suggest that there may be a move to significantly modify NBC Part IV or convert it into a simplified handbook-style document, largely under the broader objective of improving the country's Ease of Doing Business.

India is witnessing one of the fastest urban transformations in the world. High-rise residential towers, mega hospitals, airports, shopping complexes, data centres, and industrial facilities are rapidly shaping the country’s built environment. As buildings grow taller, denser, and more complex, the importance of fire and life safety regulations becomes more critical than ever before.

The first and most critical impact is on structural safety. NBC provisions, aligned with IS codes for loads, concrete, steel, seismic actions, and ductile detailing, ensure buildings can withstand both everyday usage and extreme events. Even a minor relaxation in material quality, detailing, or load assumptions can significantly increase the probability of structural distress or collapse, especially in seismically active or cyclone-prone regions. With growing urban density, such risks magnify, affecting thousands of occupants at once.

This raises a fundamental question that the entire built-environment community must carefully examine:

When most nations strengthen their fire safety regulations after every major fire incident, why should India consider weakening its own fire safety framework?

Fire safety regulations are not administrative obstacles. They are life-saving systems embedded in building design. Every provision—from staircase width to smoke extraction—exists to protect human life during emergencies.

Diluting these provisions in the name of convenience or economic efficiency could have serious consequences for public safety.

The role of Karnataka’s civil engineers

The warning raised by Karnataka’s civil engineers on the dilution of the National Building Code (NBC) deserves serious and immediate attention.‼️

The NBC is not a procedural formality—it is the backbone of structural safety, fire protection, accessibility, sustainability, and disaster resilience. Any dilution, whether in the name of ease of construction or short-term economic considerations, directly compromises public safety and long-term urban resilience.

As India moves towards the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047, growth cannot come at the cost of engineering ethics, scientific rigor, and hard-earned lessons from past failures. Weakening codal provisions risks creating unsafe buildings, increased lifecycle costs, and irreversible damage to public trust.

It is imperative that policymakers engage deeply with practicing engineers, academicians, and professional bodies before implementing amendments. Codes must evolve, but only through evidence-based research, field experience, and a commitment to safeguarding human life.

Why the Potential Dilution is Considered Bad (Risks)

·        Endangering Public Safety: NBC Part IV sets strict standards for fire resistance, evacuation (staircases, exits), and refuge areas in high-rise buildings. Diluting these can lead to fatal disasters.

·        "Ease of Doing Business" Pressure: Experts argue that the push to weaken the code is driven by developer interests looking to cut costs and accelerate construction, rather than prioritizing safety.

·        Undermining Expert Standards: The NBC is a comprehensive document developed over 65+ years by experts. Critics believe changes driven by non-engineering lobbies threaten to undermine this legacy.

·        Structural Failure Risk: Weakening the code risks increasing the likelihood of fire spreading due to poor compartmentation (the division of buildings into fire-resistant sections). 

Fire Safety Codes Across the World:

Across the world, governments treat fire safety as a national responsibility that cannot be compromised. Most developed nations operate with clear, unified and enforceable fire safety codes that apply across the country.

For example:

• The United States follows the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) codes and standards.

• The United Kingdom enforces strict fire safety regulations under its Building Regulations and Fire Safety Order.

• Australia’s National Construction Code integrates comprehensive fire safety provisions.

• The International Fire Code (IFC) provides globally recognised fire safety guidelines.

Whenever catastrophic fires occur, governments in these countries respond by strengthening regulations, increasing inspections, and improving enforcement mechanisms.

After incidents such as:

• The Grenfell Tower fire in London,

• The Station Nightclub fire in the United States,

• Major high-rise fires in Dubai,

Regulatory authorities moved quickly to tighten safety provisions, improve building compliance systems, and increase professional accountability.

The global philosophy is clear:

Fire safety regulations are designed to save lives and must never be weakened for convenience.

The Misinterpretation of “Ease of Doing Business”

Cabinet Deregulation cell proposals to Dilute NBC results in huge Energy consumption & increases carbon footprints in buildings become unsustainable. People suffer from health issues & medical expenses increase exponentially.

India’s efforts to improve the Ease of Doing Business have played an important role in simplifying procedures, reducing delays, and encouraging investment.

However, the concept of ease of doing business must not be misunderstood as a justification for weakening essential safety regulations.

In certain sections of the construction industry, there is a perception that fire safety provisions:

• Increase construction costs

• Require additional building space

• Add complexity to approval processes

While these concerns may arise from project feasibility considerations, they must be examined carefully.

Fire safety requirements such as refuge areas, fire stairs, fire compartmentation, smoke extraction systems, and fire command centres are not optional features. They are the result of decades of global learning from fire tragedies.

Removing or weakening such provisions may reduce construction costs in the short term, but it could dramatically increase the risk to human life.

Safety cannot be compromised in the pursuit of convenience.

India’s Real Challenge: Implementation

The real challenge India faces today is not the strength of the regulations but the effectiveness of implementation.

Across the country, many urban local bodies responsible for building approvals often lack:

• Adequate fire engineering expertise

• Proper training in NBC provisions

• Dedicated systems to verify fire safety compliance

As a result, the same provisions are interpreted differently across jurisdictions, leading to inconsistencies in enforcement.

The solution to this challenge is not to dilute the code, but to strengthen the ecosystem responsible for implementing it.

India must focus on:

• Capacity building for approval authorities

• Training municipal engineers in fire safety design

• Establishing uniform compliance mechanisms

• Integrating digital approval systems with fire safety checks

• Strengthening third-party fire safety audits

Improving implementation will enhance both efficiency and safety, without weakening regulatory safeguards.

Under the Constitution of India, Fire Services fall under the State List and therefore legislation and enforcement are primarily the responsibility of individual State Governments. The National Building Code (Hereafter it will be renamed as National Build Standard) indeed serves as a model framework and its implementation depends on state adoption through local Acts, Rules, and municipal by-laws.

However, the concern being raised by many professionals today is the growing inconsistency in safety requirements across states, particularly in the built environment. When buildings, technologies, and risks are becoming increasingly uniform across the country, the safety expectations of citizens should ideally not vary significantly from one state to another.

The intent behind advocating “One Nation – One Safety Rule” is not to dilute the constitutional role of the States, but to encourage a stronger national consensus on minimum fire and life safety standards, supported by technical bodies, professional institutions, and regulators. Just as the NBC acts as a model code, a coordinated national framework with broader adoption could significantly improve consistency in implementation and enforcement.

The Risk of Converting a Code into a Handbook

There is also discussion in certain circles about converting NBC Part IV into a handbook or advisory document.

While the intention may be to simplify interpretation, such a move carries significant risks.

A Code is mandatory and enforceable. A Handbook is advisory and interpretative. Codes form the basis for legal compliance and building approvals, whereas handbooks provide guidance but cannot enforce safety obligations.

If a critical section such as Fire and Life Safety is reduced to a guidance document, compliance could become subjective rather than mandatory.

For a country constructing thousands of high-rise buildings every year, such ambiguity would be dangerous.

India needs clear, enforceable safety regulations, not optional guidelines.

The Way Forward for India

India’s rapid urbanization requires stronger safety frameworks, not weaker ones.

The country must focus on:

• Strengthening NBC implementation

• Training municipal authorities

• Promoting professional accountability

• Encouraging multidisciplinary collaboration

• Enhancing awareness among building owners and citizens

Fire safety must remain a non-negotiable pillar of national development. For NBC it says Central Govt doesn’t have authority over land & buildings & proposed to dilute it by removing parts 0, 1, & 3, etc . But here it comes out with new proposals on same land & buildings. Dilution of NBC provisions such as 100% coverage, unlimited FAR, any height & setbacks, etc will lead to Health, Fire & other Engg safety disasters. Cabinet Secretariat proposals are un-sustainable & damage the built environment. of public & private safety.

One Country-One Constitution, one country-one Tax, one country-one grid, one country-one card, one country one PM, why not One country-One Code (NATIONAL BUILDING CODE) Since 1970 it is guiding construction. Approx 1.25 cr Cost involved, all Engineers request govt not to dilute it. 

Please Stop Dilution of NBC.

NOVEC 1230 is Obsolete

Are NOVEC 1230 is Obsolete

The 3M Company (originally the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company) is an American multinational conglomerate operating in the fields of industry, worker safety, and consumer goods.

The chemical dodecafluoro- 2-methyl-3-pentanone is chemical Name of a component. structural formula is CF₃CF₂C(=O)CF(CF₃)₂, which is a fully-fluorinated analog of ethyl isopropyl ketone. It removing heat from a fire, which is a safer method in occupied spaces compared to agents that remove oxygen. It is used as an electronics coolant liquid and fire protection fluid.  3M named this chemical as NOVEC 1230. ASHRAE designation: FK-5-1-12. So NOVEC 1230 is the brand name for a clean agent fire suppression fluid.

On Dec. 20, 2022 3M issued a notice to announcing its exit from all per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) manufacturing, which includes the discontinuation of all NOVEC fluids, including Novec 1230, by the end of 2025.

Effective January 13, 2023, 3M no longer offers the "3M Blue Sky Warranty" for new purchasers of Novec 1230 systems. Existing warranties registered before this date will still be honored for their remaining term.

✅ Chemically identical:
Both FK-5-1-12 and NOVEC 1230 share the same formula C₆F₁₂O (Dodecafluoro-2-methylpentan-3-one).
The difference lies only in branding:
 • FK-5-1-12 → Generic chemical name used in standards (NFPA 2001 & ISO 14520)
 • Novec 1230 → Trade name registered by 3M

✅ Key Features
• Safe for people (non-toxic, breathable).
• Zero ozone depletion potential (environment friendly 🌍).
• Leaves no residue, so no cleanup required.
• Fast acting → prevents fire spread.
• Compact storage → stored as liquid, discharged as gas.

⚙️ How FK-5-1-12 Works
1. Detection → Smoke/heat detectors sense fire.
2. Alarm → A pre-discharge alarm alerts occupants.
3. Discharge → FK-5-1-12 is released through nozzles.
4. Action → The gas quickly absorbs heat and interrupts the chemical reaction of fire, extinguishing it in seconds.

✅ It is also important to note here that FK-5-1-12 remains an acceptable fire suppression solution to be considered where clean agents are necessary. It is considered acceptable by the U.S. EPA via their SNAP program and is included in NFPA 2001 and ISO 14520 standards as well as other similar, global standards.

This should be a relief to anyone who is currently using a fire suppression system using Novec 1230 fluid. It’s also important to remember there are plenty of other in-kind and not-in-kind technologies available in the marketplace.

In a recent meeting, no comments were submitted to the NFPA Gaseous Fire Extinguishing (GFE) Committee governing NFPA 2001 that would affect FK-5-1-12 in terms of its supply or restrictions in any way. It is still considered acceptable in NFPA 2001 and in the U.S. EPA SNAP Program, the same as other commercial clean agents, just as it was in the Federal Register in 2002 when it was first commercialized as NOVEC 1230 fluid.

✅ ISO 14520 establishes minimum requirements for gaseous fire-extinguishing systems, covering the design, installation, and safety of clean agents. The standard is divided into multiple parts, with ISO 14520-1 providing the general framework for total flooding systems, and other parts specifying requirements for individual extinguishants like HFCs and FK-5-1-12. It is essential to use ISO 14520 in conjunction with its specific parts for the agent being used.

✅Key aspects of ISO 14520

Scope: 

It applies to total flooding systems using electrically non-conducting clean agents that leave no residue after discharge, which are suitable for use in buildings, plants, and other structures. It does not cover CO2 or explosion suppression.

✅ System Design: 

The standard provides guidance on designing systems, including specifying the correct quantity and distribution of the fire suppression agent for effective fire extinguishment.

·        Extinguishant Properties: 

ISO 14520 outlines the physical properties and characteristics of gaseous agents, which are critical for system design and understanding how they work.

·        Safety and Performance: 

The standard includes requirements for the performance and safety of the systems, ensuring they are reliable and safe for use by people and equipment.

·        Specific Parts: 

The standard is a series of documents, with different parts dedicated to specific extinguishants. For example:

·        ISO 14520-5: Covers FK-5-1-12.

·        ISO 14520-10: Covers HFC 23.

·        ISO 14520-8: Provides information on environmental properties of extinguishants like HFC 125.

·        Compliance: 

It is essential to use the relevant part of ISO 14520 for the specific extinguishant being used in the system.

✅ Design Process

1. Define the Hazard

2. Determine Design Concentration

3. Determine the Net Hazard Volume

4. Determine Extinguishing agent Quantity

5. Check the maximum reach concentration

6. Determine number and size of agent containers

7. Establish maximum Discharge time

8. Determine nozzle size and quantity to deliver required concentration at required discharge time to ensure mixing

9. Determine pipe sizes and pipe run (Pipe Sizing & Flow Calculation)

10. Evaluate compartment over/underpressurization and provide venting if required.

11. Establish minimum agent hold requirements and evaluate compartments for leakage.

✅ Parts of an FK-5-1-12 System

The following components will usually form part of an FM-200™ System and should be included in the checks:

·        Signage

·        Bottle Cage/Bottle Rack and Bracketry

·        Pilot Gas Bottle/s [optional]

·        Main Gas Bottle/s

·        Clean Agent Gas

·        Pressure Gauge

·        Pressure Relief Valve

·        Pilot Line

·        Check Valves

·        Hangers and Supports

·        Discharge Header/Manifold

·        Distribution Pipework

·        Pipework Fittings and Connections

·        Discharge Nozzles

·        Control Panel

·        Battery

·        Battery Charger

·        Control Valve/Solenoid

·        Local Door Panel

·        Emergency Release Button

·        Key Switch

·        Sounder/Bells

·        Beacon/Strobe

·        Smoke/Heat Detectors

·        Ventilation Damper System Interlocks

·        Ventilation and Air Conditioning Equipment Tripping System

📌 Applications
✓ Data centers 💻
✓ Control rooms ⚡
✓ Telecom facilities 📡
✓ Archives & museums 📚🎨
✓ Industrial automation areas 🏭

✅ Safety Precautions and Maintenance

A FK-5-1-12 system maintenance checklist includes monthly, semi-annual, and annual tasks such as checking for physical damage, verifying nozzle caps are in place, inspecting agent container pressure and weight, and testing the control panel and alarm system. A full system evaluation, including a room integrity test, should be performed annually, while professional, comprehensive services are required periodically, often every five to ten years. 

✅ Ensure FK-5-1-12  cylinders are installed as per NFPA 2001 standards.

✅ Conduct periodic inspections for cylinder pressure, valves, and piping.

✅ Train employees on evacuation procedures in case the system activates.

✅ Keep access areas clear for quick maintenance and refills.

✅ Never tamper with detection or discharge systems.

✅ Official annauncement by 3M

✅ Who will complete the maintenance?

If the building construction process is still ongoing or it is still within the defect’s liability period, then the responsibility for the maintenance will be the general/main contractor/system integrator.

Where the building/systems are outside of the defects liability period, the maintenance of the unit will be completed by the building facilities manager/operator.

They will either have their in-house team complete the works or will sublet to a facilities maintenance/building services contractor. Contractor must be have necessary technical knowledge (validate based on professional certification or Engagement with fire safety industry related various association) and experience (validate based on appreciation letter from there customers) specific to clean agent fire suppression systems. All works will be completed by an experienced, knowledgeable, and trained engineer who has previous relevant experience completing this type of work.

CFPS or WBITM certified freelancer or individual will get 1^st preference.

✅ Daily Inspection Checklist

Ensure the inspection is completed in line with all specific health and safety requirements of the site/building and all permits are in place:

Ref	Type	Inspection/Task	Notes
D-1	Inspect	Taking onboard any temperature differences, check each cylinder pressure gauge to ensure proper operating pressures are shown.	If the gauges show a loss of more than 5% at the cylinder valve then the bottle will need to be refilled in line with manufacturers requirements.

✅ Monthly Inspection Checklist

Ensure the inspection is completed in line with all specific health and safety requirements of the site/building and all permits are in place:

Ref	Type	Inspection/Task	Notes
M-1	Review	Review the protected space to ensure the hazard or usage has not been changed or modified.	If any changes, raise this with the building owner immediately.
M-2	Review	All previous observations have been rectified and closed.
M-3	Inspect	Inspect the complete system to note any damage or missing parts.	Where any damage is noted, remedial action must be completed immediately.
M-4	Inspect	Inspect the pipework for any rust or corrosion.	Where rust and/or corrosion is noted treatment, cleaning and repainting should be completed immediately.
M-5	Inspect	Inspect system discharge nozzles to ensure are not obstructed, clogged, dirty, painted, etc.	Where obstructed/clogged, remedial action must be completed immediately. If noted are dirty, ensure they are clean.
M-6	Inspect	Inspect system beacons, strobes, sounders detectors to ensure are not obstructed, dirty, painted, etc.	Where obstructed, remedial action should be completed. If noted are dirty, ensure they are clean.
M-7	Inspect	Inspect mechanical fans and dampers to ensure are not obstructed.	Where obstructed, remedial action should be completed.
M-8	Inspect	Access to the area is unobstructed.	Where obstructed remedial action must be completed immediately.
M-9	Inspect	Access to cylinders is unobstructed.	Where obstructed remedial action must be completed immediately.
M-10	Inspect	Ensure system discharge nozzles are not restricted or obstructed.	Where obstructed remedial action must be completed immediately.
M-11	Inspect	Access to control/releasing panel is unobstructed.	Where obstructed remedial action must be completed immediately.
M-12	Inspect	Inspect the control/releasing panel has power and no alarms on the system.	Any issues should be investigated and corrected immediately. Any alarms should be cleared or investigated and assessed to understand if there are any fundamental problems.
M-13	Inspect	Where any batteries are installed to provide a resilient electrical supply, inspect that the charge is in line with the design.
M-14	Inspect	Access to manual emergency switches is unobstructed.	Where obstructed remedial action must be completed immediately.
M-15	Inspect	Inspect emergency switches/pull stations for damage.	Where any damage is noted, remedial action must be completed immediately in line with manufacturers requirements.
M-16	Inspect	Inspect pressure switches for damage	Where any damage is noted, remedial action must be completed immediately in line with manufacturers requirements.
M-17	Inspect	Inspect all discharge hoses for any fraying, damage, loose connections, cracks, and cuts.	Tighten any connections and replace hoses that are damaged, with an equally rated hose.
M-18	Inspect	Inspect any actuation lines for damage, loose fittings, cracks, or cuts and cleanliness	Tighten any connections and replace lines that are damaged, with equally rated equipment.
M-19	Inspect	Inspect all fittings and adaptors to bottles to ensure are not damaged or loose.	Tighten any connections and replace anything that is damaged.
M-20	Inspect	Inspect all pilot tube connections to ensure are not damaged or loose.	Tighten any connections and replace anything that is damaged.
M-21	Inspect	Inspect all FM-200 bottle pressure operated control heads for damage, corrosion, cracks, cleanliness, and if loose.	Tighten any heads that are loose, clean in line with manufacturers’ advice, and replace anything that is damaged.
M-22	Inspect	Inspect all FM-200 bottle electronic control operated heads for damage, corrosion, cracks, cleanliness, and if loose. Also, ensure to check all electrical connections to ensure are tight.	Tighten any heads that are loose, clean in line with manufacturers’ advice, and replace anything that is damaged.
M-23	Inspect	Inspect Cylinder and its valve assembly for damage, corrosion, cracks, cleanliness, and general wear and tear.	Replace any damaged parts in line with manufacturers requirements.
M-24	Inspect	Inspect Cylinder burst disc and pressure gauges and its valve assembly for damage, corrosion, cracks, cleanliness, and general wear and tear.	Replace any damaged parts in line with manufacturers requirements.
M-25	Inspect	Inspect all brackets and straps/ mounting equipment that are securing the bottles in place.	Replace/tighten any that are loose or damaged in line with the manufacturers requirements.
M-26	Weigh	Using a calibrated scale, weigh all FM200 Cylinders and compare results with expectations, to ensure the quantity of gas is correct, and attach the result to the FM200 cylinder for proof.	Where measured weight is 95% of the original charge weight, replace the cylinder in line with the manufacturers requirements.

🟩 6-Month Inspection Checklist

Ensure the inspection is completed in line with all specific health and safety requirements of the site/building and that all permits are in place:

Ref	Type	Inspection/Task	Notes
6-1	Weigh	Weigh: Using a calibrated scale, weigh all FM200 Cylinders and compare results with expectations, to ensure the quantity of gas is correct, and attach the result to the FM200 cylinder for proof. The following information should be documented on a tag and attached to the bottle: Date of inspection Person performing inspection Type of gas The gross weight of the bottle and net weight of agent [halocarbon clean agents only] Container pressure and temperature.	Where measured weight shows a loss of 5% of the original charge weight, replace the cylinder in line with the manufacturers requirements. [see later sections for an overview of how to weigh the bottles]
6-2	Verify	Inspect: Use a calibrated device to prove the FM200 bottle pressure gauges are displaying the correct information.	Where any issues are noted, gauges should be replaced in line with the manufacturer’s requirements.
6-3	Test	Test: all pressure switches for operation.	Any issues remedial actions should be completed immediately. [see later sections for an overview of how to test]
6-4	Inspect	Test: Electric control head.	Any issues remedial actions should be completed immediately. [see later sections for an overview of how to test]
6-5	Inspect	Inspect: the enclosure of the space (walls, floors, ceilings) to understand if there are any changes to its integrity such as new holes or failed fire stopping, etc.	Any issues should be rectified, and a room integrity test conducted.

🟩 12-Month Inspection Checklist

Ensure the inspection is completed in line with all specific health and safety requirements of the site/building and that all permits are in place:

Ref	Type	Inspection/Task	Notes
Y-1	Test	Test complete full testing of the system, discharge test not required, including all ventilation integrations to prove operating in line with the design.
Y-2	Inspect	Inspect the enclosure of the space (walls, floors, ceilings) to understand if there are any changes to its integrity such as new holes or failed fire stopping, etc.	Any issues should be rectified sealing all holes in line with the fire rating of the wall/floor, and room integrity test conducted.
Y-3	Document	Documentation – Ensure all documentation is up to date and stored/filed correctly.

🟩 24-Months Inspection Checklist

Ensure the inspection is completed in line with all specific health and safety requirements of the site/building and that all permits are in place:

Ref	Type	Inspection/Task	Notes
2-1	Test	Blow through Pipework to clear it of any dust and debris that has accumulated over time.	In line with the manufacturer's instructions. [see later sections for an overview of how to weigh the bottles]

🟩 60-Month Inspection Checklist

Ensure the inspection is completed in line with all specific health and safety requirements of the site/building and that all permits are in place:

Ref	Type	Inspection/Task	Notes
5-1	Test	Bottle Test Bottles that have not been discharged and in continuous service should have a complete visual inspection in line with the Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet C-6.	In line with the noted pamphlet. Where damage or corrosion is noted, the cylinder should be emptied, tested, and restamped. If the bottles have been discharged a full test and restamping should be conducted in line with the Department of Transport Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 49, Section 173.34.

🟨 Single Cylinder System [Removal]

Step	Inspection/Task
Step 1	Disconnect the electrical connection at the supervisory pressure switch (if installed), then remove the wire lead protection or conduit. Install the protective cap on the switch connection port after unscrewing the switch from the cylinder valve.
Step 2	Remove the control head from the FM-200 cylinder by disconnecting the swivel nut on the control head from the cylinder valve actuation port.
Step 3	Cover the actuation port of the FM200 cylinder valve with a protective cover.
Step 4	Loosen the swivel nut and remove the flexible discharge hose from the outlet port adapter.
Step 5	Install the safety cap on the cylinder valve outlet port.
Step 6	Undo the FM200 bottle cylinder strap/bracket.
Step 7	Remove the cylinder.
Step 8	Place the cylinder on a scale and measure weight.
Step 9	From the plate information [metal stamp] on the cylinder subtract the gross weight of the cylinder from the tare weight [empty] to understand the net weight of the original gas charge.
Step 10	Weigh the cylinder then subtract the tare weight from the scale weight to understand the net weight of the agent in the cylinder. If the net weight is less than 95% of the original gas charge the cylinder should be replaced.
Step 11	Record the following: Bottle reference Date Cylinder tare [empty] weight [from bottle information] Gross cylinder weight [from bottle information] Scale weight Net gas charge weight
Step 12	Attach the information to the cylinder.

🟨 Single Cylinder System [Reinstatement]

Once weighing has been completed, the bottle should be reinstalled in the system.

Step	Inspection/Task
Step 1	Remove the cylinder/bottle from the scale.
Step 2	Place the cylinder back into the fixing/bracket system with the valve outlet towards the cylinder discharge piping.
Step 3	Tighten the strap/bracket to hold the bottle in place.
Step 4	Remove the safety cap from the head and outlet port.
Step 5	Reconnect the flexible discharge hose to the outlet port.
Step 6	Remove the protective cover from the actuation port of the cylinder valve
Step 7	Install the control head. Ensure the actuating pin is fully retracted before attaching to the cylinder so that there is no risk of accidental discharge.
Step 8	Reinstall the electrical supervisory pressure switch.

🟨 Multiple Cylinder System [Removal]

Step	Inspection/Task
Step 1	Disconnect the electrical connection at the supervisory pressure switches (if installed), then remove the wire lead protection or conduit from all bottles Install the protective cap on the switch connection port after unscrewing the switch from the cylinder valve.
Step 2	Remove the control head from each FM-200 cylinder by disconnecting the swivel nut on the control head from the cylinder valve actuation port. Leave the flexible actuation hoses to the pressure operated control heads.
Step 3	Cover all actuation ports of the FM200 cylinder valves with a protective cover.
Step 4	Remove the tubing from the master cylinder adapter on the master cylinder.
Step 5	Install the safety cap on the master cylinder adapter port.
Step 6	Remove the flexible discharge hose from the outlet port by loosening the swivel nut. Ensure that there is a safety cap installed at the cylinder valve outlet.
Step 7	Undo the FM200 bottle cylinder strap/bracket.
Step 8	Remove the cylinder.
Step 9	Place the cylinder on a scale and measure weight.
Step 10	From the plate information [metal stamp] on the cylinder subtract the gross weight of the cylinder from the tare weight [empty] to understand the net weight of the original gas charge.
Step 11	Weigh the cylinder then subtract the tare weight from the scale weight to understand the net weight of the agent in the cylinder. If the net weight is less than 95% of the original gas charge the cylinder should be replaced.
Step 12	Record the following: Bottle reference Date Cylinder tare [empty] weight [from bottle information] Gross cylinder weight [from bottle information] Scale weight Net gas charge weight
Step 13	Attach the information to the cylinder.

🟨 Multiple Cylinder System [Reinstatement]

Once weighing has been completed, the bottles should be reinstalled in the system.

Step	Inspection/Task
Step 1	Remove the cylinder/bottle from the scale.
Step 2	Place the cylinder back into the fixing/bracket system with the valve outlet towards the cylinder discharge piping.
Step 3	Tighten the strap/bracket to hold the bottle in place.
Step 4	Remove the safety cap from the head and outlet ports.
Step 5	Reconnect the flexible discharge hose to the outlet ports.
Step 6	Remove the protective cover from the master cylinder adaptor port then reconnect to the slave bottle ports on the master cylinder.
Step 7	Remove the protective caps from all other FM-200 cylinder valve ports.
Step 8	Install the control heads. Ensure the actuating pin is fully retracted before attaching to the cylinder so that there is no risk of accidental discharge.
Step 9	Reinstall the electrical supervisory pressure switches.

🟧 Pressure Switch Test Example

The following is a simple overview of how a pressure switch test could be tested, depending upon the system design and components.

Step	Inspection/Task
Step 1	Ensure the relevant permit to work and health and safety paperwork is in place and works are authorized.
Step 2	The full system is fully operational
Step 3	Operate the pressure switch manually by pulling up on the plunger
Step 4	Verify that all systems are integrated with the FM200 system shut-down, ventilation, access control etc.
Step 5	Reset pressure switch and systems.

🟧 Electric Control Head Test

The following is a simple overview of how an electric control head could be tested, dependent upon the system design and components.

Step	Inspection/Task
Step 1	Ensure the relevant permit to work and health and safety paperwork is in place and works are authorized.
Step 2	Ensure all electric control heads are disconnected from the FM200 cylinders & nitrogen pilot cylinders serving the area, to remove risk of any accidental discharge.
Step 3	The full system is fully operational
Step 4	Activate the system via pushing the manual emergency activation button.
Step 5	Verify that the system has operated, the electrical control head will switch to its released position via the movement of pin. Any heads that have not activated, check their electrical continuity. Replace any damaged, non-operating heads and repeat the test to ensure total system is working.
Step 6	Manually reset the control heads to ensure will not create an accidental discharge when being re-connected to the bottles, then connect back onto their applicable cylinder.
Step 7	Check system is automatic and ready to operate if needed.

✅ Additional Tips to Make Your FK-5-1-12 System Last Longer

These proven practices help extend system life and improve reliability. Following these guidelines reduces maintenance costs while maximizing protection.

·        Temperature Control: Maintain consistent room temperature between 65-75°F (18-24°C). Temperature fluctuations can affect system pressure and sensor operation.

·        Humidity Management: Keep relative humidity below 65% to prevent corrosion and electrical problems. Install dehumidifiers if needed to maintain proper conditions.

·        Access Control: Restrict access to protected areas to authorized personnel only. Unauthorized modifications or activities can compromise system effectiveness.

·        Documentation: Maintain detailed records of all maintenance activities and system changes. Good documentation helps identify trends and simplifies troubleshooting.

·        Staff Training: Train facility staff on basic system operation and emergency procedures. Knowledgeable staff can respond appropriately to system warnings and emergencies.

✅ Common FK-5-1-12   System Maintenance Mistakes to Avoid

Learning from others’ mistakes helps prevent costly problems with your system. Watch out for these common maintenance oversights.

·        Skipping Documentation: Failing to record maintenance activities and test results makes it difficult to track system health over time. Keep detailed logs of all inspections and tests.

·        Ignoring Minor Issues: Small problems often develop into major failures if left unaddressed. Investigate and correct all system warnings promptly.

·        Delaying Professional Service: Attempting complex maintenance without proper certification risks system damage and warranty violations. Always use certified technicians for technical work.

·        Neglecting Room Integrity: Changes to room construction or ventilation can compromise suppression effectiveness. Evaluate all facility modifications for impact on system performance.

·        Insufficient Staff Training: Untrained personnel may inadvertently damage system components or respond incorrectly to alarms. Maintain a regular training program for all relevant staff.

✅ References

·        NFPA (2022). Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, NFPA 2001. National Fire Protection Association, USA.

·        3M (2021). NOVEC 1230 Fire Protection Fluid Technical Data Sheet.

·        OSHA (2020). Fire Safety in Industrial and Data Center Environments. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, USA.

About Author:

Dr. Arindam Bhadra is a Fire safety consultant  & ISO Auditor based in Kolkata, India, with over 20 years of experience in Fire safety systems. He’s currently founding director of the Sprinkler Fire Safety Awareness and Welfare Foundation & SSA Integrate. He working on Fire Safety awareness, training, consultancy & Audit in same field. Dr. Arindam Bhadra is popularly known as "Fire ka Doctor" because of his expertise in fire safety, prevention, and awareness, helping people and organizations stay safe from fire hazards. He is Member of NFPA, Conformity Assessment Society (CAS), FSAI, Institution of Safety Engineers (India) etc. He is certified fire Inspector and certified Fire Protection professional.