CPVC in fire safety

 CPVC in fire safety

Steel / Iron pipes have been the preferred material for fire water distribution ever since fixed fire sprinkler piping systems were introduced and adopted in the late 19th century. After all, steel is strong, durable, and stands up well to intense heat.

Sprinkler systems offer fire detection and extinguishing functions in a single system. Sprinklers only extinguish areas which need to be extinguished. Sprinklers outside the source of the fire therefore remain closed. The extinguishing water released reduces smoke and dangerous substances.

CPVC's flash ignition temperature is significantly higher compared to other thermoplastics, at 900°F (482°C). This high ignition threshold means CPVC is less likely to catch fire, offering an added layer of safety in environments where exposure to high temperatures might occur.

Fire resistance in materials is not just about preventing ignition; it encompasses several critical aspects that determine how a material behaves in a fire scenario. CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride) fire-resistant properties are assessed through various parameters, like ignition resistance, burning resistance, limiting oxygen index, flame spread resistance, smoke generation resistance, including thermal conductivity of CPVC.

NFPA 13 2022: Table 7.3.1.1 : Pipe or Tube Materials and Dimensions

Before we begin, let’s quickly review NFPA requirements:

·        The 2019 edition of NFPA 13: Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems (3.1.1) permits listed metallic and nonmetallic materials for sprinkler pipe and tubing that meet or exceed various American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards.

·        It’s key that all pipes in fire sprinkler installations have been tested by a third-party safety organization for use in sprinkler systems and are “listed” as such. Metal pipes are listed to UL 852 and thermoplastic pipes are listed to UL 1821. Listed pipes are easily identified by the listing agency’s logo.

·        Some pipes could fail to meet ASTM standards but NFPA 13 permits their use as long as they are otherwise listed and installers mind any limitations in the listing (3.2.1.1 and 7.3.3.1). NFPA 13 requires manufacturers to include listing limitations in their installation instructions (7.3.2.1.2). Bottom line: sprinkler installers should carefully review a manufacturer’s instructions to account for this.

To choose a pipe material, you must determine which hazard level defines your property. UL (formerly Underwriter Laboratories) only lists pipes for hazard levels at which they can be counted upon to perform reliably.

Most offices, for instance, are “light hazard” and can use any of these pipes, but businesses that regularly stock more combustible materials have higher hazard levels and thus cannot install CPVC pipes in their sprinkler systems.

The chart below, also published in part one of our piping materials series, sums up important differences between the most popular options:

Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology

CPVC inherent immunity to corrosion has had a huge impact on the fire protection industry, creating sprinkler systems that typically remain in service for at least 50 years. CPVC fire sprinkler pipes have a slick, relatively impermeable surface that keeps bacterial contamination at bay and prevents deposits from accumulating and clogging pipes. CPVC pipes also naturally resist degradation from chemicals classified as acid, alkali, or inorganic material. All of these characteristics enable water to flow through CPVC pipes with little friction, earning them a C-factor of 150—a number that is equal to copper pipes’ smoothness.

CPVC's ability to resist burning is measured by its Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), which at 60%, is exceptionally high. This means CPVC needs a much higher oxygen concentration to sustain combustion than is available in the Earth's atmosphere. Consequently, CPVC will self-extinguish once the flame source is removed, unlike materials like polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), which may continue to burn.

Extensive testing and approval from UL helped dispel initial fears that CPVC pipes would melt during a fire. In reality, CPVC must be forced to burn by putting the pipe in direct contact with fire, and it stops smoldering as soon as the flame is removed. Instead, a charring layer forms on the outside of the pipe, creating a thermal barrier that protects the inside and enables water to flow unheeded onto a fire.

CPVC fire sprinkler pipe also costs less than metal pipe, it’s easier to handle due its light weight, and installation is faster and safer—joints are chemically welded together by hand without flame or heavy equipment. Easier installation generally leads to labor-cost savings.

Flame Spread Resistance

The resistance of CPVC to flame spread is crucial in minimising damage during a fire. Certified under UL 94 for its flammability characteristics, CPVC achieves the highest vertical burn rating (V0), indicating its excellent capacity to prevent the spread of flames, thereby aiding in the control of fire within a building.

Smoke Generation Resistance

As per Euroclass (European Reaction to Fire Classification System) CPVC overall rating to combustion is B, S1, d0.

Basis above, the Concept of flammability is Ignition time, fire propagation and energy contribution of the product. This is represented by a measurement of heat released from the product and its potential contribution to propagation of a fire.

CPVC falls in B which denotes it’s an Inert material

In Smoke release category CPVC is rated under S1, which denotes limited smoke release.

In fire propagation through burning droplets CPVC falls under d0

CPVC Piping in High-Risk Environments

For industries such as semiconductor manufacturing or other facilities requiring cleanrooms, where the risk of fire remains a substantial concern, CPVC’s fire resistance property makes it a great pick. Its compliance with FM Approval 4910 for low combustibility and minimal contaminant release underscores its suitability for high-value environments where fire and smoke damage could lead to a substantial loss.

CPVC pipe is only listed for light-hazard occupancies since it does start to soften at temperatures slightly higher than 200°F. The upper service temperature limit of currently listed CPVC sprinkler pipe is 150°F (65.5°C) at 175 psi (12.1 bar).

CPVC pipe can be safely used in single- and multi-family housing, as well as commercial occupancies where fires develop slower with lower heat, such as offices, schools, fire stations, hotels, hospitals, libraries without large stockrooms, prisons, museums, and nursing homes. It can also be deployed in rooms rated “ordinary hazard” that are smaller than 400 square feet and within an otherwise light-hazard setting, such as kitchens in an institutional facility.

CPVC fire sprinkler pipe is not listed for use in exposed outdoor settings, as prolonged exposure to sunlight can impact its strength. It is also not recommended for commercial dry systems since it can become brittle at cold temperatures, creating a serious safety hazard if the energy of the pressurized gas is released suddenly due to a pipe rupture. But Tyco does carry a UL-listed, CPVC-based dry pipe system for residential occupancies that aren’t always climate-controlled, like vacation homes.

It’s also important to note that not all CPVC pipes and components are listed for the same exact use in fire sprinkler systems. It’s essential for contractors to confirm via the manufacturer that a product they want to install is not only listed for fire sprinklers but also for the specific application they intend.

TFI, FlameGuard, and FireLock CPVC pipe brands are all listed for sprinklers with a respectable ASTM 05 rating, but BlazeMaster CPVC has a different manufacturing process that gives it the higher ASTM 06 rating. This means it has 25 percent greater estimated long-term strength, or hydrostatic design pressure, and is slightly less likely to burst at higher temperatures.

Since CPVC is a limited combustible piping material, it must be carefully installed to prevent the pipe from failing during a fire. Protecting the pipe with a layer of gypsum wallboard or plywood is a viable option. Lay-in ceiling tiles clipped in place can be used as well. Don’t store CPVC outside, especially if it will be exposed to sunlight for a long time.

The relative fragility of CPVC pipe compared to metal is also a concern, with damage possible if materials are dropped, banged, or stepped on during installation. Mechanical stress caused by hanging methods or bending the pipe beyond the manufacturer’s recommended limitations can cause stress failures over time. NFPA 13 (A.7.3.2) also cautions installers to avoid construction materials that can degrade the performance of CPVC pipe, including materials used in the fabrication of sprinkler systems; additives to water supplies, cable, and wiring; and certain insecticides and fungicides.

But when proper precautions are taken, CPVC can be a safe, reliable, lower-cost alternative to metallic pipes for light-hazard occupancies—an option that limits costly corrosion issues.

C-PVC Pipe Standards

Organization	No.	Title
EN	1566	Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high temperature) within the building structure – Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) (PVC-C)
		Part 1: Specifications for pipes, fittings and the system
		Part 2: Guidance for the assessment of conformity (CEN/TS)
EN ISO	15877	Plastics piping systems for hot and cold water installations – Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) (PVC-C)
		1: General
		2: Pipes
		3: Fittings
		4: Fitness for purpose of the system
		5: Guidance for the assessment of conformity (CEN ISO/TS)
ISO	7675	Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high temperature) inside buildings – Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) (PVC-C)
IS	15225	Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) compounds used for pipes and fittings – Specification
IS	15778	Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) pipes for potable hot and cold water distribution supplies
DIN	8079	Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (PVC-C) pipes – Dimensions
DIN	8080	Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (PVC-C) pipes – General quality requirements and testing
ASTM	D1784	Standard Specification for Rigid PolyVinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds
ASTM	D2846	Standard Specification for Chlorinated PolyVinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems
ASTM	F1970	Standard Specification for Special Engineered Fittings, Appurtenances or Valves for use in PolyVinyl Chloride (PVC) or Chlorinated PolyVinyl Chloride (CPVC) Systems.
ASTM	F402	Standard Practice for Safe Handling of Solvent Cements, Primers, and Cleaners Used of Joining Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
ASTM	F437	Standard Specification for Threaded Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) CPVC Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80
ASTM	F438	Standard Specification for Socket-Type Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 40
ASTM	F439	Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe, Fittings, Schedule 80.
ASTM	F441	Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80.
ASTM	F442	Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe,(SDR-PR).

CPVC is a good material for fire sprinkler systems because it's fire resistant, easy to install, and has other benefits: 

• Fire resistance

CPVC has a high flash ignition temperature of 900°F (482°C), which is higher than other thermoplastics. It's also a low flame spread material. When exposed to fire, CPVC forms a thermal barrier that restricts heat conduction. It needs three times more oxygen than the Earth's atmosphere to burn, so it doesn't easily spread flames. 

• Easy to install

CPVC pipes and fittings are lightweight and can be connected to conventional piping systems with basic hand tools and solvent cement. 

• Corrosion Resistance

CPVC is highly resistant to corrosion and won't rust or corrode over time. 

• Cost-effective

CPVC is generally less expensive than other materials used for fire sprinkler systems, such as copper or steel. 

• Durability

CPVC pipes and fittings are durable and can withstand high pressures and flow rates. 

CPVC pipes and fittings are approved for installation in non-industrial occupancies, such as hospitals, hotels, schools, and residences.

REF:

NFPA 13: sprinkler system design approaches, system installation, and component options to prevent fire deaths and property loss.
ASTM: Annual Book of ASTM Standards

Preventive maintenance (PM) of Fire Sprinkler System

Preventive Maintenance (PM) of Fire Sprinkler System 

Preventive maintenance (PM) is the regular and routine maintenance of equipment and assets in order to keep them running and prevent any costly unplanned downtime from unexpected equipment failure. Testing, servicing, calibration, inspection, adjustment, alignment, and installation are the seven elements of a preventive maintenance plan.

Regular maintenance and inspection of fire sprinkler systems are crucial to ensure their proper function in the event of a fire emergency.

According to NFPA 13 - 2022 edition (28.5.2.1.1), Branch lines shall not exceed eight sprinklers on either side of a cross main and shall be sized in accordance with light and ordinary hazard occupancies.

Where more than eight sprinklers on a branch line are necessary, lines shall be permitted to be increased to nine sprinklers by making the two end lengths 1 in. and 11∕4 in. , respectively, and the sizes thereafter standard.

Ten sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed on a branch line, making the two end lengths 1 in. and 11∕4 in., respectively, and feeding the tenth sprinkler by a 21∕2 in. pipe.

The distance between sprinkler deflector and the ceiling shall be (1 in) minimum and (12 in) maximum throughout the area of coverage of the sprinkler.

This guide provides step-by-step instructions on how to check your fire sprinkler system effectively.

1.         Check Water Supply

Verify that the water supply to the fire sprinkler system is turned on and that the main control valve is fully open.

Monitor the water pressure gauge to ensure that it indicates adequate pressure within the system.

Inspect any water storage tanks, fire pumps, or pressure-reducing valves for proper operation.

2.         Conduct Flow Tests

Perform flow tests on selected sprinkler heads to ensure they activate and discharge water as intended.

Use a flow test valve or flow meter to measure the flow rate from individual sprinkler heads.

Compare the observed flow rates with the system's design specifications to identify any deviations or irregularities.

3.         Visual Inspection

Start by visually inspecting all components of the fire sprinkler system, including sprinkler heads, pipes, fittings, valves, and alarm devices.

Look for signs of damage, corrosion, leaks, or obstruction that may affect the system's performance.

Ensure that there are no obstructions blocking the sprinkler heads and that they are free from dust or debris.

4.         Test Alarm Systems:

Test the functionality of alarm devices, including water flow alarms, pressure switches, and supervisory signal devices.

Activate the alarm system manually or simulate a flow condition to trigger alarms and verify their proper operation.

Ensure that alarm signals are transmitted to the building's fire alarm panel or monitoring service as required.

5.         Inspect Control Valves:

Check all control valves, including main control valves, zone control valves, and test valves, for proper positioning and operation.

Exercise control valves periodically to prevent them from seizing or becoming stuck due to lack of use.

Verify that valve tamper switches or supervisory switches are functioning correctly.

6.         Document Findings:

Maintain detailed records of all inspection and testing activities performed on the fire sprinkler system.

Document any deficiencies, repairs, or corrective actions taken during the inspection process.

Keep inspection records readily accessible for review by building owners, fire officials, or insurance representatives.

How to Check a Fire Sprinkler System

1.   Review System Documentation:

• Start by reviewing the system documentation, including the original design drawings, hydraulic calculations, and maintenance records. Understanding the system layout and components will help guide the inspection process.

2.  Inspect Sprinkler Heads:

• Check each sprinkler head for proper orientation, alignment, and clearance. Ensure that there are no obstructions, such as storage shelves or decorations, blocking the spray pattern.
• Look for signs of physical damage, corrosion, or paint buildup on the sprinkler heads, which can affect their operation.

3.  Examine Piping and Fittings:

• Inspect all piping and fittings for leaks, corrosion, or signs of deterioration. Pay close attention to areas where pipes pass through walls, ceilings, or floors, as these are common locations for leaks to develop.
• Verify that pipe hangers and supports are secure and properly spaced to prevent sagging or misalignment.

4.  Check Valves and Water Flow Devices:

• Test all control valves, including main control valves, zone control valves, and alarm valves, to ensure they open and close properly.
• Verify that water flow devices, such as water flow switches or meters, are functioning correctly by simulating a flow condition and observing the response.

5.  Test Alarm Systems:

• Activate the fire alarm system to ensure that it triggers audible and visual alarms throughout the building.
• Test supervisory signal devices, such as tamper switches and low air pressure switches, to ensure they transmit alarm signals to the monitoring station.

6.  Verify Water Supply:

• Check the status of the water supply, including the availability of water sources such as municipal water mains, water storage tanks, or fire pumps.
• Monitor water pressure and flow rates to ensure they meet the system's design requirements and local fire code regulations.

7.  Perform Flow Tests:

• Conduct flow tests on selected sprinkler heads to verify that they activate and discharge water at the expected flow rates.
• Use calibrated flow meters or flow test kits to measure and record the flow rates from individual sprinkler heads.

8.  Review System Labels and Signage:

• Ensure that all system components are properly labeled and identified, including control valves, alarm devices, and sprinkler zones.
• Check for missing or illegible signage and replace as necessary to facilitate quick identification in an emergency.

9.  Document Findings and Recommendations:

• Document all inspection findings, including any deficiencies or areas requiring corrective action.
• Provide recommendations for repairs or upgrades based on industry best practices, code requirements, and the system's current condition.

10.              Schedule Regular Maintenance:

• Establish a schedule for regular maintenance and testing of the fire sprinkler system, in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and regulatory requirements.
• Ensure that maintenance activities are performed by qualified technicians trained in fire protection systems and equipment.

Regular checks and maintenance of fire sprinkler systems are essential to ensure their reliability and effectiveness in protecting life and property from fire hazards. By following these steps and conducting thorough inspections, building owners and facility managers can identify potential issues early and take proactive measures to keep their fire sprinkler systems in optimal condition.

The SPRINKLER FIRE SAFTEY AWARENESS AND WELFARE FOUNDATION was founded in 2022 at India by a group of eminent Security Safety & Automation professionals. Anyone can contacts them to provide training or consulting about Fire safety.

Solutions for Tracking Misplaced or Stolen Tools

Solutions for Tracking Misplaced or Stolen Tools 

Using logbooks and spreadsheets is one of the most common methods to manually track tools and equipment. Logbooks can help workers record when a tool or piece of equipment is checked out and returned. Spreadsheets can also be used to develop a tool and equipment inventory, including an item’s status and location. 

Although this type of inventory tracking can be time-consuming, it’s widely used due to its low cost and simplicity. However, this type of tool and equipment tracking can be prone to errors and inaccuracies since workers could forget to update the sheet or misplace the tool altogether. 

Modern Tool Tracking and Asset Tagging

Many companies are turning to technology like Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to help offset the limitations of traditional tracking methods. RFID uses small tool and equipment tags with a unique identifier that can be scanned by an RFID reader. This automated tracking provides more accurate and up-to-date information about the status of tools or equipment.

Asset tagging is a common tool-tracking method that involves attaching a physical tag to a tool or piece of equipment. There are several types of asset tags made of different metals and tamper-proof labels that can be attached to indoor and outdoor tools and equipment. Asset tracking tags contain a unique identifier, like a serial number or RFID tags, that can be read by a scanner and monitored by a digital tracking system to provide real-time information about the location and status of tools and equipment. Asset tagging helps quickly identify, manage and track a variety of critical assets, from power tools and equipment to vehicles throughout multiple jobsites.

Other new tool-tracking methods include GPS tags and Bluetooth beacons that can be attached to tools and larger equipment like bulldozers or generators to help track their location. Users can create custom alerts and set up geofencing in a connected app to notify them if a tool leaves the jobsite or a certain area.

In addition to tracking and asset tagging, there are also smart tools available, that offer the ability to remotely lock tools or report them as missing. Smart tools use apps that allow users to add their tools to a cloud-based inventory management system. Many smart tools also offer a tool lock out security feature that makes a tool inoperable if it is stolen.

Tips to Prevent Tool and Equipment Theft

While tracking tools can help managers improve inventory management, it is also important to prevent lost and stolen tools and equipment in the first place. Maintaining an accurate inventory of tools and equipment, including the year, manufacturer and serial number, can help prevent loss and theft. Taking photos can also help maintain an accurate snapshot of the condition and location of equipment. Here are some additional strategies to help secure valuable tools and equipment:

·        Use physical barriers like fences to limit access to job sites.

·        Secure tools and equipment with padlocks or other types of locks. 

·        Keep valuable tools and equipment in wire cages or lockers to control access.

·        Install exterior lighting and security cameras to monitor job sites and deter theft.

·        Consider tool kitting or grouping a set of frequently used tools into one kit that can be easily tracked.

·        Engrave, stamp or label tools and equipment with company logos or other identifying marks or serial numbers.

·        Implement a tool-tracking system and educate workers on theft prevention. 

Creating a Culture of Accountability

Consider conducting a risk assessment to help identify threats and gaps in security measures. In addition to using tracking technology, businesses can implement several strategies to help prevent stolen tools and equipment, including written policy that clearly states the consequences of employee theft. Training employees on how to prevent tool and equipment theft from the outside is also critical. Training can include how to secure tools and equipment, tips for identifying suspicious activity, and the actions to take if a tool or piece of equipment is stolen.

There are several ways to track tools, and the best solution for your business depends on many factors. While traditional tracking methods like logbooks and spreadsheets are still widely used, modern technology like RFID and asset tagging can provide more accurate and efficient tracking. Tool tracking combined with an asset management system can make critical equipment and tools easier to identify and help quickly locate lost or stolen items.