Functional Testing of Multisensor detectors

Functional Testing of Multisensor detectors

The test fires that are used to assess ionisation and optical smoke detectors were developed in the 1980s.

What Is a Multi Sensor Detector?

A multi-sensor detector is a fire detection device that combines two or more sensing technologies within a single unit, most commonly smoke and heat detection. These detectors analyse data from multiple inputs to determine whether conditions indicate a genuine fire event.

This approach allows systems to:

·        Improve detection accuracy

·        Reduce unwanted alarms

·        Respond more effectively to different fire types

·        Provide earlier warning in complex environments

Multi-sensor detectors are widely used in commercial buildings, healthcare environments, offices, and areas where traditional smoke detectors alone may be prone to nuisance activations.

The test fires used to assess smoke detectors

Current standards use the same methodology for identifying the most challenging conditions under which to test smoke detectors. Four test fires are used to assess smoke detector performance – these are
TF2: smouldering wood,
TF3: smouldering cotton,
TF4: flaming plastics and
TF5: flaming n-heptane.

The average smoke profiles produced from the four test fires are shown in Figure 1. The y-axis (m) represents the optical density (measured in dB/m) and indicates the larger particles which are generated in greater quantities during smouldering fires. The x-axis (y) is a dimensionless quantity that reflects the amount of ionisation taking place and represents the number of smaller particles which are generated in greater quantities during flaming fires.

Test Methodology

Twelve approved smoke detectors and smoke alarm devices from undisclosed manufacturers were used for the fire tests; eight of these were installed on the ceiling and four on an adjacent wall. The detectors comprised of eight domestic smoke alarm devices (four ionisations and four opticals) and four commercial smoke detectors (two ionisations and two opticals).

To define the end point of the tests, guidance was taken from current standards, which specify end of test limits for smouldering and flaming fires that are m=2 dB/m or y=6 respectively.

Test fires and detector responses

Twenty-nine test fires were conducted, including four test fires specified in current fire detection standards. Of these eleven were smouldering fires, sixteen were flaming fires and two started off smouldering and went on to become flaming fires. The fuels used included unleaded petrol, medium density fibreboard (MDF), PVC cable, flame retardant polyurethane foam, sunflower oil, newspaper, polyester, nylon, ABS, polystyrene, polycarbonate and polyethylene.

A smouldering fire test

All of the detectors were periodically replaced, as exposure to the smoke from a number of tests could cause contamination in the smoke chambers that could potentially affect their response.

A flaming fire test

Of the twenty-nine test fires conducted one produced too little smoke and could not be reproduced however five produced too little smoke and were repeated with greater quantities of fuel. For the twenty-three complete tests, sixteen fell within the m/y limits specified in current standards. From these tests there were six no responses and 270 responses which represents positive responses 97.8% of the time. The six no responses are attributed to the inconsistent responses of one particular type of detector and suspected contamination for the remaining ones.

Even though no statistical data was gathered by repeating tests, the results do provide evidence of the response characteristics for the types of detectors (optical or ionisation) to a variety of smoke types produced from smouldering and flaming fires.

Conclusions and further work

The test fires TF2-TF5 do cover most general purpose applications as a real fire is unlikely to involve only a single type of material. As more materials with different smoke characteristics are involved in the fire the likelihood of detection increases.

However, it should be noted that smouldering fires can continue for a long time with only one material being involved, potentially leading to the production of toxic gases in fatal concentrations. An example is bedding in contact with a heat source such as a lit cigarette. In this case an ionisation detector may not respond and therefore should not be sited in locations where such a scenario is possible. In contrast a flaming fire in a building will eventually produce sufficient heat that will radiate onto other materials and lead to the production of smouldering smoke particles to which the optical detectors are expected to respond.

This research demonstrated that commercial and domestic approved ionisation and optical smoke detectors respond to a broad range of fires within and beyond the fire test limits of existing standards. The fire tests specified in current standards are considered to be appropriate and are sufficiently wide in terms of distribution of smoke characteristics. This demonstrates that the fire tests specified in these test standards are still applicable today and, despite the changes in the use of materials over the decades, approved smoke detectors have very wide smoke response capabilities.

Both ionisation and optical smoke detectors are attuned to detecting certain types of fires. In order to ensure that the most appropriate type of device is installed, guidance on the use of ionisation and optical smoke detectors should be sought from relevant codes of practice.

The increasing use of multisensor detectors in fire detection and fire alarm systems has lead to some discussion as to how they should be tested in the field.

The recommendations detailed below should be considered as the minimum for properly testing these complex devices:

1. Multisensor fire detectors should be physically tested by a method that confirms that products of combustion in the vicinity of the detector can reach the sensors and that the detector responds appropriately. A test method purely reliant on an electronic and / or mechanical means is not sufficient to comply with this requirement.

2. Due to the complex nature of multisensor fire detectors, they should also be tested in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

3. Where the detector or system design allows each sensor on which a fire detection decision depends (e.g. smoke, heat, CO) to be physically tested independently, then these sensors should be physically tested independently.

4. Alternatively, individual sensors may be physically tested together if the detection system design allows simultaneous stimuli and individual sensor responses to be verified either individually or collectively.

5. Only where the detector or system design is such that individual sensors cannot be physically tested individually, for example certain types of conventional multisensor detectors, the primary sensor alone should be tested.

6. The response to each test should be at least confirmed by the CIE.

7. All tests and their results should be recorded.

Why Multi-Sensor Detector Testing Is Different at Site

Because multi-sensor detectors use combined sensing logic, testing must confirm that each detection method functions correctly and that the overall system responds as designed.

Unlike single-sensor testing, multi-sensor verification typically involves:

• Confirming smoke response

• Confirming heat response

• Verifying combined detection logic

• Ensuring the alarm signal reaches the control panel

This makes structured testing essential to ensure both sensing elements work together reliably.

How to Test a Multi-Sensor Detector (Step-by-Step) at Site

Testing procedures vary depending on system design and detector type, but professional testing generally follows a structured process.

Typical workflow includes:-

1. Identify the detector type and installation environment

2. Confirm system readiness and isolate zones where required

3. Apply a controlled smoke stimulus to verify smoke detection response

4. Apply controlled heat stimulus to confirm thermal activation

5. Observe combined detector logic and activation timing

6. Confirm alarm signals reach the control panel correctly

7. Reset the system and record testing outcomes

Improvised testing methods or uncontrolled heat sources should never be used, as these can damage detectors and affect long-term reliability.

For guidance on single-sensor procedures, see our smoke and heat detector testing resources, which explain how each sensing element is tested individually during maintenance.

Equipment Used for Multi-Sensor Detector Testing

Testing multi-sensor detectors requires tools capable of delivering controlled stimulus and safe access to installed devices.

Professional testing commonly involves:

• Controlled smoke stimulus for optical sensing verification

• Controlled heat stimulus for thermal response testing

• Multi-stimulus testing devices for combined activation checks

• Detector testing heads for targeted stimulus delivery

• Access equipment for high-level installations

These tools allow technicians to confirm both sensing elements operate correctly while protecting detector integrity and maintaining consistent results across sites.

Engineer Tip:

For multi-sensor detector testing, integrated multi-stimulus devices are often preferred as they allow both smoke and heat stimulus to be applied from a single unit. The Testifire and Testifire XTR2 ranges are specifically designed for this purpose, enabling efficient testing without changing equipment between detection methods.

Modular systems such as the Solo range can also be used for multi-sensor testing; however, these typically require interchangeable heads and separate stimulus tools, which may increase setup time during routine maintenance and inspections.

Multi-Sensor Testing and BS 5839

In the UK, multi-sensor detector testing forms part of wider fire alarm inspection and maintenance guidance under BS 5839.

Best practice includes:

• Functional testing during routine maintenance

• Inspection by trained and competent professionals

• Verification using appropriate testing stimulus

• Documentation of inspection and servicing activity

Common Mistakes When Testing Multi-Sensor Detectors

Incorrect testing approaches can reduce system reliability or create inaccurate results.

Common issues include:

• Testing only one sensing element

• Using unapproved heat sources

• Applying excessive stimulus

• Failing to confirm control panel response

• Not documenting testing outcomes

Structured procedures and appropriate equipment help avoid these risks and support consistent performance.

Who Should Carry Out Multi-Sensor Detector Testing?

Testing is typically carried out by trained professionals responsible for fire alarm system maintenance, including:

• Fire alarm engineers

• Maintenance contractors

• Facilities management teams

• Fire safety professionals

These individuals use specialist testing procedures and equipment to ensure systems remain reliable and compliant.

How Multi-Sensor Testing Supports Fire Alarm Maintenance

Routine multi-sensor detector testing forms part of wider fire alarm servicing programmes, supporting:

• Planned preventative maintenance

• System commissioning

• Compliance inspections

• Fault identification

• Long-term system reliability

Ensuring multi-sensor detectors function correctly helps maintain consistent fire detection performance across commercial, residential, and industrial environments. This in return helps to maintain the safety of both the occupants and the buildings.

EN 54 Fire detection and alarm systems

EN 54 Fire detection and alarm systems

The EN 54 Fire detection and fire alarm systems is a mandatory standard that specifies requirements and laboratory test for every component of fire detection and fire alarm system and it allows the free movement of construction products between countries of the European Union market.

It was developed and approved by European Committee for Standardization (CEN, French: Comité Européen de Normalisation).

This standard is widely recognized around the world for several countries outside of European Union. It is recognized in Latin American countries, Brasil, African and Asian countries and several islands in the Pacific Ocean.

According to the Construction Product Products Regulation, it is mandatory that Fire Detection and Fire Alarm equipment is certified under EN 54 standard by an authorized certification body.

(TC) Technical Committee CEN/TC72 Automatic fire detection system and fire alarm

It is the TC responsible of developing the normative for fire detection system in the EU and responsible for coordination with committees of each member country to update information and making new normative in fire detection system. The committee of each member country report and depend directly from CEN/TC 72. These committees must inform updates and new normative that is received from CEN/TC72 to responsible office, departments or national organization which has been managed the normative of Fire detection system inside of every member country. These national committees must carry the necessities and new requirement of the industry and user of each country member of Fire detection system to the CEN/TC72 that is the European Committee which is responsible of update and change normative of fire detection system in the European Union.

EN 54 Standard Family Parts

The standard has been published in a number of parts:

·         EN 54 part 1 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Introduction

·         EN 54 part 2 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Control and indicating equipment (Fire alarm control panel)

·         EN 54 part 3 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Fire alarm devices. Sounders

·         EN 54 part 4 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Power supply equipment

·         EN 54 part 5 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Heat detectors. Point detectors

·         EN 54 part 6a Fire detection and fire alarm systems heat detectors; Rate-of-Rise point detectors without a static element.

·         EN 54 part 7 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Smoke detector. Point detectors using scattered light, transmitted light or ionization

·         EN 54 part 8 Components of automatic fire detection systems. Specification for high temperature heat detectors.

·         EN 54 part 9 Components of automatic fire detection systems. Methods of test of sensitivity to fire

·         EN 54 part 10 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Flame detector. Point detectors

·         EN 54 part 11 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Manual call point

·         EN 54 part 12 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Smoke detectors. Line detectors using an optical light beam

·         EN 54 part 13 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Compatibility assessment of system components

·         EN 54 part 14 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Planning, design, installation, commissioning, use and maintenance.

·         EN 54 part 16 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Components for fire alarm voice alarm systems. Voice alarm control and indicating equipment

·         EN 54 part 17 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Short circuit isolators

·         EN 54 part 18 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Input/output devices

·         EN 54 part 20 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Aspirating smoke detector

·         EN 54 part 21 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Alarm transmission and fault warning routing equipment

·         EN 54 part 22 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Line type heat detectors

·         EN 54 part 23 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Fire alarm devices. Visual alarms

·         EN 54 part 24 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Voice alarms - Loudspeakers

·         EN 54 part 25 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Components using radio links and system requirements

·         EN 54 part 26 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Point fire detectors using Carbon Monoxide sensors

·         EN 54 part 27 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Duct smoke detectors.

Fire Alarm Manual Call Points

Fire Alarm Manual Call Points

Most Commercial and Industrial Fire Alarm Systems installed haveing Call Point units or Manual call point (MCP) or Manual Pull station as part of the system. I also commissioned one/two addressable fire detection system where maximum is Manual call station/pull station and very less Detectors. These units are often the most visual indication of a fire alarm system and are instantly recognizable.

Manual Call Points (MCPs) are referred to or referenced by different names in various regions worldwide like Break Glass Units (BGs), Pull Stations, Push Buttons, Alarm Points, etc.

When should a Manual Call Point be used? In the event of a fire in a building; or if there is no automatic detection activated by the installed heat & smoke detection or any other detectors; or if you discover the fire personally and if there is an emergency condition – you need to activate the Manual Call Point to trigger the Fire Detection And Alarm System (FDAS) in the building so that the system initiates the necessary notification devices and sends signals to many other third party systems (Voice Evacuation, Emergency Lighting, Smoke Control, Lifts, etc.) in the building.

Introduction to Call Points

In order to comply with BS EN 54-11 (The European / British Standard referring to manual call points) fire alarm call points should be Red.  Most call points are operated by breaking a frangible glass element which operates a micro-switch inside the call point (although some modern call points do now have plastic resettable elements). There are a variety of different call point manufacturers and types of call points, however within a single building it is good practice to use call points similar in appearance to avoid confusion. Call Points are available for Conventional / Non-addressable Fire Alarm Systems, Analogue Addressable Fire Alarm Systems, Wireless Fire Alarm System and Two-Wire Fire Alarm Systems.  There are also specialist call points available for different applications such as weatherproof / waterproof / Explosion proof call points and call points operated by a key switch instead of an element. We will discuss one by one in another post.

🔴 Manual Call Point (MCP)
✔ Commonly used term in the UK, Europe, Middle East, and UAE
✔ Typically incorporates a break-glass or resettable element
✔ Allows manual activation of the fire alarm during an emergency
✔ Governed by EN 54 and adopted in the UAE Fire & Life Safety Code


🔴 Manual Pull Station
✔ Common term used in NFPA / North American standards; typically UL-listed
✔ Operated by pulling a lever or handle
✔ Performs the same function as a Manual Call Point
✔ Covered under NFPA 72 and acceptable under the UAE Fire & Life Safety Code


🔴 Break Glass Unit
✔ Describes the activation mechanism, not the system function
✔ Can form part of a Manual Call Point
✔ Requires breaking a glass or frangible element to operate
✔ Modern systems often use resettable (non-breakable) elements

Where to Position Call Points?

BS5839 recommends that call points should be located on all final exits, all storey exits i.e. entrances to stairwells and also consideration should be taken to locating call point units near to any high risks or special hazards (e.g. in Kitchens or Spray Booths etc.).

Call points should be distributed in a building so that no one need travel any more than 45 meters to reach their nearest call point.  This distance is measured against the actual route a person would follow taking into account locations of walls, partitions and fixings.  For high risk areas and special hazards as mentioned above a person should have to travel no more than 25 meters to reach their nearest manual call point taking into account fixtures and fittings.

In food preparation areas it is advisable to install call points with a plastic element rather than the glass element as the possibility of broken glass in these areas must be avoided.

For fully manned shops or certain other premises such as banks and bars for example where the possibility of malicious operation is high, the public may not have access to manual call points, but the staff have been provided concealed manual call points.  The use of concealed call points is always decided in consultation with fire authorities and is subject to a variation from BS5839.

The mounting height of call points should be 1.4 meters +/-0.2m above the floor level and call points should project by 15mm from the wall (i.e. not completely flush), this allows the call point to be seen from the side.  Where disabled people are expected to operate call points, it can be agreed with consultation to install the call points at a lower height.  The agreed height should be documented on the fire alarm certificates.

Manual Call Points should be located on escape routes and, in particular, at all storey exits and all exits to open air (whether or not the exits are specified fire exits), so that it is impossible to leave the storey or the building without passing a manual call point.

Call Points whether they are conventional or addressable come is two types; flush and surface mounted.  So what is the diffence between the two?

Flush Mounted Call Points

Flush mounted call points are designed to be mounted on a wall where the cables to the call point are concealed within the fabric of the wall.  These call points are supplied without a backbox.  The flush mounted call points give a very neat looking installation when positioned correctly in place.  A flush mounted call point would generally be used in the construction of new buildings and extensive refurbishments.

Surface Mounted Call Points

Surface Mounted Call Points are designed to be positioned directly onto a wall using a backbox.  The backbox allows space behind the call point unit to terminate the cables.  These types of call points are generally used in industrial applications where the finished look is not as important as in public areas.

Siting of Manual Call Points

A manual call point is often the most recognizable component of a fire alarm system.  It is usually the most visible part of the system and the look of the call point is iconic and synonomous with fire safety.

All manual call points which make up a fire alarm system, should comply to BS EN54-11 and be single action type A versions.

When carrying out a fire alarm system design the manual call point should be sited as follows:-

• On all storey exits and all exits to open air irrespective of whether they are designated fire exits or not.
• Nobody should have to travel more than 45 metres within the building to reach a manual call point, except if the exit routes are undefined in which case the direct line distance should not exceed 30 metres.
• The above distances should be reduced to 25 and 16 metres respectively, if there are persons with limited mobility or there is a likelihood of rapid fire development.
• A manual call point should be positioned in all areas of high fire risk, such as kitchens for example.
• Where phased evacuations are planned, a manual call point needs to be sited on all exits from a particular zone.
• Manual Call Points should be positioned 1.4 metres + or - 200mm above the floor.
• Manual Call Points with protective hinged covers for whatever reason should be listed as a variation from the recommendations of BS5839 on the fire alarm system certification.

How to Activate a Manual Call Point? There are different types of manual call points.
1. Break Glass Unit – Break the glass, and then the signal will be sent to the system
2. Pull Station – Pull the lever, and then the signal will be sent to the system
3. Break Glass with Double Action cover – Lift the cover and break the Glass
4. Pull Station with double action cover – Lift the cover and pull the lever
5. Push Button type – Push the button, and the signal will be sent to the system

There are many different types; most often, when installed for FDAS, they are installed in red housing or casing for easy identification; however, in some jurisdictions, these can be other colours for architectural aesthetical purposes. It is always important to check with the authority having jurisdiction and to ensure the MCPs are readily recognisable, easily identified and signed as per the local guidelines and regulations.

Example of where to site manual call points:-

Please Note:- In order to comply with the requirements of building regulations approved document M, which requires electrical switches including manual call points to be mounted at between 1 meter + or - 200mm on wheelchair access routes, these should be listed as a variation on the certificates as BS requires manual call points to be mounted at 1.4 meters high + or - 200mm.

Call Point Key Guide

Many modern fire alarm call points in the UK are actually manufactured by one company.  This company is KAC.  This means that the call point keys produced by KAC can be used on several of the modern call points supplied by the UK's leading manual call point suppliers.

Hochiki, Honeywell, Notifire, Apollo, Apollo XP95, Apollo Discovery, Apollo Explorer, Electro Detectors and many other manufacturers use the KAC type call point.  This means that the same KAC call point key can be used on call points supplied by these companies. 

In the 2012 edition of NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, Chapter 14 specifies that manual fire alarm boxes should be tested annually. “Operate manual fire alarm boxes per the manufacturer’s published instructions,” the code says. “Test both key-operated pre-signal and general alarm manual fire alarm boxes.” Many of the discussion group comments focused on what the manufacturer’s instructions would require. 

One typical manufacturer of manual fire alarm boxes states the following in its installation and operating Instructions: “Operation—To activate a single-action pull station, simply pull down the handle. To activate dual-action stations, push in, then pull down the handle.” Notice that the instructions make repeated reference to pulling down the handle. This manufacturer offers two styles of manual fire alarm boxes, single-action and double-action, and provides the operating instructions for each. Owner representatives or service technicians in the field who believe that they may test the manual fire alarm box by using a key—whether an actual key or Allen wrench—without actually pulling down the handle as described above must understand that such action does not constitute a code-compliant test.

As per UAE Fire and Life Safety Code:

🔥 The manual call points shall be used only for fire alarm initiation. In addition, all manual call points within an occupancy shall be of similar design.

🔥 Distribution of the manual call points should be such that the travel distance should not be more than 61m to reach the nearest manual call point.

🔥 These figures are to be reduced to 25m and 16m in limited mobility areas and where processes of the area result in a likelihood of rapid-fire development.

🔥 A Manual Call Point shall be installed within 1.5 m from the exit door opening.

🔥 The manual call points shall be installed generally at the height of 1.2 m, above floor level, and in plain, accessible, well-lit, and free-hindrances places.

If you would like to discuss further with us on MCPs and FDAS, don’t hesitate to get in touch with one of our technical experts.

Fire Exit Door Alarm

Fire Exit Door Alarm

Are you wondering what hardware you should fit to your emergency exit doors?

In many buildings there is often unauthorised use of Fire Exit Doors and Emergency Exit Doors.  The Safety Centre now has a product in it's portfolio which is designed to reduce the chances of unauthorised use of these doors.

What the law says

In the Regulatory Fire Safety Order 2005, article 14 covers “Emergency Routes and Exits,” and states that, “In the event of danger, it must be possible for persons to evacuate the premises as quickly and safely as possible”.

Depending on circumstances, this normally involves emergency doors opening in the direction of escape, no sliding or revolving doors used as emergency exits, and emergency doors not being locked or fastened in a manner that they cannot be easily and immediately opened.

The need for outward opening doors

Official guidance to the Communities and Local Government department recommends that that all doors on escape routes should open in the direction of escape, but states that this is particularly important if more than 60 people use them or they provide an exit from a high fire risk area.

Push bars and pads

Security fittings on fire doors should be thought of as a hierarchy:

·         Nothing at all — the safest option;

·         Panic bar/ pad;

·         Emergency exit devices (the smaller pads and levers);

·         Turn knob, single bolt, or other simply operated, single device;

·         Glass bolt.

In buildings used by the general public, the usual hardware on final exits is a horizontal push pad or bar, unless the door is completely free-moving, such as the front door (once unlocked).

For this category of occupant, doors need to be operated easily and obviously. If there are more than 60 persons likely to use an exit, and that group includes those unfamiliar with the building, a degree of panic must be assumed. In this case, panic bars are essential. These fittings are long horizontal bars or pads which operate by body pressure. The relevant standard is BS EN 1125 — “Panic exit devices operated by a horizontal bar”.

There’s an alternative type of a smaller push pad or lever, which seems to be mistakenly put onto doors for use by the public. These “emergency exit devices” conform to BS EN 179 instead, and are generally not suitable as more force is needed to operate them, i.e. there needs to be a deliberate action, not just pressure against the device. These may be selected for doors to be used by staff, the benefit being that along with higher operating forces, there is the opportunity for higher security levels.

Both BS EN 1125 and BS EN 179 include specific tests depending on whether the device is intended for single or double door use. One approved for single door application might not work effectively on double doors, so it’s important that the one used is suitable for the circumstances.

Locking devices

BS9999:2008, “Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings,” gives further advice on the subject of locking. It states that in general, doors on escape routes shouldn’t be fitted with locks, latches, or bolts unless these are simple fastening, which can readily be operated. The operation of the fastenings should be “readily apparent without the use of a key and without having to manipulate more than one mechanism.”

Although it’s preferable not to fit any secondary locking devices to fire exits, it’s accepted that security needs may make it a necessity.

Where this is the case, the old glass box with the key in it is generally discouraged, even where the door is for use by a small number of staff. If you feel it’s the only way, and can be justified in the risk assessment, make sure there’s a process for regularly checking that the key is present.

A simple step up from this is to fit a lock that needs a key on the outside, but which is operated on the inside of the door by simply turning a knob. These can then be labelled “turn to exit,” if instructions are needed.

Glass bolts can be useful for discouraging casual use of a route — where a door passes through the premises of an adjoining occupier. To operate these, the glass tube is smashed with a hammer, allowing a bolt to be slid across. Staff will need training to understand how to use these, and encouragement to use the exits even if they think it’s a drill or false alarm. Bear in mind that this shouldn’t be fitted as an additional device — a person escaping through the door should not have to “manipulate more than one mechanism.” In general, they tend to be plagued by abuse, so they have limited application.

Electromechanical and electromagnetic locks (EM Lock) can be fitted, which can be released manually or automatically. However, these should be set up to be overridden by the operation of a push bar, loss of power, and/or the activation of the fire warning or detection system.